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# LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. * 

| DNITEH STATES OF AMERICA, i 



PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 

Witft a MXmtt at the gtorg, 

AND CONTRAST OF CHARACTER BETWEEN 

THE TEUTONIC, OR SAXON, AND 

THE CELTIC RACES. 



CONTAINING 



EMMET'S GREAT SPEECH, 

THE ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY OF TEIE TWO RACES 
CONTRASTED, 

AN1» REFLECTIONS UPON THE 

PRESENT & FUTURE OF IRELAND. 



WITH MUCH INTERESTING HISTORICAL INFORMATION. 



1c, 



PRICE, 25 OE3STTS. 



MILWAUKEE: BURDICK, TOWNSEND \ CO.. HUNTERS. 



o?* R 'c 



*~^T<?^w ^.6^ 



ay 



IRELAND : 



PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 



WITH 



% §hmt at % iistog, 



AND 



CONTRAST OF CHARACTER BETWEEN THE 

TEUTONIC, OR SAXON, AND 

CELTIC RACES. 



BY R. R.JACKWAY 




MILWAUK EE : 

BEN FRANKLIN PRINTING HOUSE, 167 HAST WATER STREET. 
1859. 



IRELAND : 

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 



This subject is replete with all that is great, good and glori- 
ous. It is so prolific of thought and research that to do justice 
to its historic associations, would require volumes; therefore in a 
small pamphlet you must expect me to be quite desultory in 
my remarks. It is associated with heroism of such moral^gran- 
deur, that it has not been equaled by any other nation in the 
world; it is associated with self-denial, not recorded in the 
annals of the history of any other nation; it is associated with 
the martyrdom of countless millions of the noblest sons and 
daughters of Ireland, who have in defiance of torture, starvation 
and death, so nobly adhered to their faith and nationality; it 
is associated with the achievements of virtue, generosity, joy 
and happiness, realized under the most adverse circumstances, 
proving to all minds ' imbued with the love of truth, that God 
has caused Ireland to be the means of proving the divinity of 
His religion more than any other country in the history of the 
world. Ireland, for her population, has had as bright a galaxy, 
and great a number as any other nation, of Patriots, States- 
men, Orators and Poets. But they all sink into comparative 
insignificance when contrasted with her noble sons and daugh- 
ters, who have renounced the love of this world as the highest 
end of existence, and have become educators of youth, Angels 
of Mercy, Apostles, and religious teachers throughout^ the 
globe, imparting that consolation, as only our divine religion 
can, to all that come under its virtuous commands. The most 
illiterate daughters of Ireland, produced by English legislation, 
when they endeavor to reduce the people to barbarians, by 
making it a penal offence for the Priests to impart any knowl- 
edge, except what they dictated, — the first offence being' a 
fine, the second, imprisonment, and the third, death, — even 
this class of exiles from home, living as domestics in different 
parts of the world, have, by their charity in bestowing large 
portions of their earnings to render assistance to their aged 



parents and younger brothers and sisters, and by their chas- 
tity, truth and honesty, caused many converts to Christianity. 
Then look at another class of Ireland's daughters ; those who 
had the advantages of a liberal education, wealth, refinement, 
and social position, who have renounced the world with its 
pomps and blandishments, and united with those various benev- 
olent and religious orders and societies, with which the church 
abounds, where all the noble faculties of woman's mind and 
the warm outgushings of her moral and sympathetic nature can 
be exercised, as educators of youth and angels of mercy, im- 
parting to the sick, lame, and halt, that consolation which only 
woman can, to the afflicted in the greatest hour of need. 

We fear we have commenced with Ireland's present and not 
with her past condition ; therefore we will in a rapid manner 
glance at Ireland from the time we have any knowledge of its 
settlement till the present time. Many theories and assump- 
tions exist as regards the old Pagan Celtic Irish. It is quite 
evident that the country was settled long anterior to the advent 
of our blessed Lord. Some go back to the time Moses raised 
the brazen serpent in the wilderness, and assume that some of 
those who were healed by looking upon the serpent, emigrated 
to Ireland; that would carry us back over 3,000 years ago, or 
some 1,400 years before the Christian Era. But we have noth- 
ing that is historically true so far back as that. Others contend 
that the Phenicians, who were a great commercial people for 
the time in which they flourished, settled Ireland; that would 
carry us quite as far back as the other theory. Others contend 
that the early Greeks settled the country, and others that the 
old race who occupied Spain, settled the Island. We think the 
last theory is the true one for two important reasons; in the 
first place the contiguity of the southern coasts of Ireland, to 
that of the northern portions of Spain, combined with the simi- 
larity of race, makes it presumptive evidence that it was settled 
by the old Celtic race of Spain. At the present day this simi- 
larity of race, is not so evident, because the Irish character, 
except in some instances in the extreme southern portion of 
the country, has changed very materially, because of the inva- 
sions by a race diametrically opposed in language, type, char- 
acter, and habits of thought and life ; and as this invasion of 
the Teutonic type, or race, in Ireland in the tenth century led 
to a considerable amalgamation, the Irish character of to-day 
is not what it was when Saint Patrick visited the country in 
the fifth century. The similarity of race consists in this: the 
Spanish are generous, brave, and extremely sensitive, quick, 
and excitable. So are the old type of Irish. The great dis- 



parity between the old Celtic Irish race and the Teutonic, or 
Saxon race, is this. The latter are cool, ungenerous, selfish 
and extremely cruel when fully aroused. They have had longer 
wars than any other race of people upon the face of the globe. 
Their good qualities are these: they are truthful, honest, 
thoughtful and stable. The Celtic race (and when I say the 
Celtic race, I do not mean the Irish alone, but all the nations 
of Southern Europe) are noted for those qualities that 
have caused the production of the fine arts. Their bad qual- 
ities are fickleness and unstability. Their good qualities are 
generosity, hilarity, or vivacity, warmth of feeling, easily form- 
ed friendship, and great love of the arts. In this contrast 
we are not speaking of individuals, but of the prevailing quali- 
ties as Races. We will, in this connection, make some brief re- 
marks in regard to the divisions, as regards the nationalities and 
languages these two trunks of the human family have assumed, 
since the youngest of all the historical races, and the next to 
the oldest have been known, the youngest being the Teutonic 
and the other Celtic. The Teutonic are -noted as a type in 
having fair and ruddy complexion, light hair and blue eyes, 
and the Celtic race with black hair and black eyes. The first 
we know of the Teutonic race, is in the days of Herodotus, the 
Greek historian, who lived some 400 years before the advent 
of our blessed Saviour. They then were only seen few in num- 
bers; they were with the Persians when they invaded Greece. 
The next we hear of this people was in Julius Caesar's time. 
Then they had penetrated that part of Europe called North- 
ern Germany; they were never wholly conquered by the 
Romans. There they existed in large tribes. Julius 'Caesar, in 
his Commentaries, makes particular allusion to their blue eyes 
and light hair, and so does Tacitus, the Roman historian, some 
two centuries later. And well they might, because in all the 
history of the human family before Herodotus mentions them, 
none but those with an entirely different color of hair and eyes 
had been seen. We come down to the fifth and sixth centu- 
ries, and then it is that quite an epoch took place. It was the 
separation of these tribes in the fifth and sixth centuries from 
where they were located in Northern Germany. Some of the 
tribes went south-east, and others north-west. We will men- 
tion the former first, then the others. Those who overrun the 
Roman Empire, the greatest that ever had an existence, were 
those who went south-east, and they are commonly called the 
Northern Barbarians. This did not take place till the -perse- 
cutions had ceased, and the church of God had some fimo of 
peace, and opportunity to spread the principles of the Gospel. 



The consequence was that nearly all Italy and Gaul, and the 
extreme southern portion of Germany, were under the influence 
of the principles of the Gospel as promulgated by the Catholic 
Church. When these Teutonic tribes came in contact with 
the people who were the inhabitants of these countries, they 
were influenced by them to some extent. They finally reached 
the capital of the Christian world and took possession; they, 
however, were finally converted to the faith, and settled per- 
manently in the Roman Empire, some contiguous to the city 
and others more remote. But, in consequence of amalgama- 
tion with the Celtic race, in those countries, the blood of the 
Teutonic race ceased to prevail, and as the people with whom 
they came in contact, were by nature more artistic than them- 
selves, the result was, and is now, that the people of Southern 
Germany where the Catholic population of the Germans reside 
and were born, has more poets, as Schiller, Herder, Jean Paul, 
Weiland, Goethe, and numerous others; and the same will 
apply to her great musicians, such as Haydn, Mozart, Men- 
delsohn and numerous others. Then again look at her best 
painters and sculptors, as well as architects, and their great 
buildings. They abound more in Southern Germany than in 
Northern. But in the northern part where the race is less 
mixed and more Teutonic, there will be found the birth place, 
to a greater extent, of her philosophers, such as Kant, Hegel, 
Victor, Schlegel and others, proving that the Celtic race and 
those who possessed a predominance of their blood, are more 
artistic than the Teutonic. 

Those tribes who went north-west settled what has become 
Eussia, Lapland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Notwith- 
standing they have assumed different nationalities and speak 
different languages, still they are all traceable to the same 
people as alluded to by Herodotus, the Greek Historian. We 
will now take up the Celtic type, and trace its history during 
the last 5000 years. Then, as Egyptians, they ruled and con- 
trolled the three other types, the Negro, Mongolian and Copper 
colored races: the Teutonic not being known in history. This 
Celtic type has assumed many languages and nationalities. In 
ancient times they assumed the names of Egyptians, Assyrians, 
Phenicians, Jews, Babylonians, Carthagenians, Persians, Chal- 
deans, Greeks and Romans ; in modern times Italians, Spanish, 
French, Portuguese and Irish. It matters but little what one 
of these ancient nations the Pagan Irish emenated from ; suffice 
it to say that they evidently sprang from one of these ; and as 
their characters are more in accordance with the Spanish, we 
therefore have concluded that they were their ancient progeni- 



tors. One remark about tbi.r? race, then we will proceed with 
Ireland, from the time of Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain, 
till the present time. We have found by observation, that 
as this race possesses a finer texture of hair, fairer complexion 
and more symmetrical features, the character becomes more ex* 
alted. See the Castilian Spanish in this respect, and also the 
best educated class of the Irish. Mr Thackeray says, that the 
handsomest class of people in the world in manners and in per- 
sonal appearance are the real gentlemen and ladies of Ireland. 
We will now proceed with the historical aspect of Ireland, but 
in so doing, we must include in our remarks England, Scotland 
and Wales. It must be remembered however, that individuals, 
nations and universal humanity have epochs; and as humanity, as 
universal in its character had an epoch at the time, or shortly 
after Julius Caesar, we will mention it. God Almighty had in 
view, no doubt, the realization of the greatest and most power- 
ful empire in the world, when Romulus and his brother were 
born, or when a few persons somewhat barbarous by nature at 
the time were selected some seven hundred years before the 
birth of our Lord, as a begining of this end ; then it was that 
the Persians were the leading empire in the world. Subsequently 
some 350 years, we find Greece become the mighty empire, and 
the ruler of all others ; it was then that a young Grecian, the 
pupil of one of Greece's most celebrated philosophers, had' be- 
come the conquerer of the world before his 37th year of age. — 
Rome had become then somewhat formidable, but she had not 
reached the zenith of her glory. We pass on 350 years more 
and we find Rome governed by the great Casar, a man at 
once a historian, poet, statesman and warrior. Then Rome 
had become the conquerer of the world, and her territorial 
grasp extended from the eternal city, a distance of 4000 miles 
in different directions. Her capital, as Pagan Rome had a pop- 
ulation of some three millions, and her buildings were so vast 
and stupendous that one could seat 100,000 persons comforta- 
bly ; but what was that ampitheatre which now stands in its 
ruins in the Christian capital of the world built for. We answer, 
that the citizens of Rome, not only men, but women also, could 
behold gladatorial exhibitions where the slaves could be seen 
destroying each other, or where they were destroyed by wild 
beasts. Her slaves were the people from the countries as far 
north as northern Germany, south as Egypt, east as India, and 
west as Britain. We pass on some 50 years after Caesar, and 
the greatest event in the history of this planet took place. — 
When our Saviour was born Rome w T as at peace with the whole 
known world, because she had conquered all her enemies. That 
2 



10 

peace which then abounded throughout the globe wa.«typieal of 
the peace that will exist when all hearts will come under the 
influence of the holy religion established by our blessed 
Lord, and which has been promulgated by the Church of God 
ever since. May our own native country, America, not be the 
last nation that will embrace the glorious principles of the gos- 
pel, as promulgated by the Catholic Church of God, which was 
to subsist in all ages rind teach all nations. When Caesar 
invaded Britain in person, he found that countrv, and 
what is called Scotland, Wales not being inhabited as it 
has been since, occupied by a somewhat homogeneous race, 
whose religion was druidical. This people were brave; still 
the superior implements of war of the Romans enabled them, 
who also were by nature great and brave, to subdue them; they 
took possession of the western coast and extended their con- 
quests as far into Scotland as the foot of Grampian, hills where 
to this day is found that which suggested to the Romans the 
idea, that thus far you may go, but no farther. It is a fact 

i: worth considering that the mountainous regions of the earth 
have always produced the bravest people; it will apply to Switz- 
erland and the Tartars from the mountains of northern Asia, 
who overrun Russia in the twelfth century, with the same force 
as to the Highlands of Scotland. Ireland was not invaded by 
the Romans, and whether the original ancient Britains were of 
the same race as the Pagan Celtic Irish — we mean identical 
race — we cannot say. They evidently were of the same stock or 
trunk of the human family. The next invasion of Britain 
was by the Saxons, who were a tribe of the Teutonic race, who, 
as they came southward like an avalanche drove' this tribe 
into Gaul then, of France now, and finally across the channel 
into Britain. This face drove the ancient Britains of that day, 
or Welsh of to-day, who are quite similar to the Irish in vivac- 
ity and generosity, into Wales, where this noble and true people 
are at this time, with their nationality destroyed, and their lit- 
erature nearly extirpated from the face of the earth, by that 
vandal nation, the English. One more remark about the 
Welsh Although they number but one million of inhabitants, 

| or one to seven of Ifeland, they still cling to theif language 
with great tenacity. Perhaps in no instance could we to-day 
find one person of Welsh parentage who cannot speak their na- 
tive tongue. How is it with the Irish in this' respect ? Why, 
it is quite as rare to find one who can speak their native 
language ! 

We offer these lines of poetry, anonymously written, and 
taken from that invaluable book, entitled the Historical Bal- 



11 

lads of Ireland, which we consider a rich treasure, and should 
be in the home of every Irishman, in this and every land. It 
is rich with effusions of Patriotism, and some parts of it are 
transcentf.ingly impressive and soul-stirring: 

THE CELTIC TONGUE. 

'Tis fading, 0, 'tis fading! like leaves upcm the trees! 

In murmuring tone 'tis dying, like the wail upon the breeze! 

; Tis swiftly disappearing, as footprints on the shore 

Where the Barrow, and the Erne, and Loch Swilly's waters roar — 

Where the parting-sunbeam kisses Loch Oorrib in the West, 

And Ocean, like a mother, clasps the Shannon to her breast! 

The language erf old Erin, of her history and name--- 

Of her nionarehs and her heroes — her glory and her fame — 

The sacred shrine where rested, thro' sunshine and thro' gloom, 

The spirit of her martyrs, as their bodies in the tomb, 

The time-wrought shell, where murmur'd, 'mid centuries of wrong, 

The secret voice of Freedom, in annal and in song — 

Is slowly, surely sinking, into silent death at last, 

To live but in the memories of those who love the Past. 

The olden tongue is sinking like a patriarch to rest, 

Whose youth beheld the Tyrian* on our coasts a guest; 

Ere the Roman or the Saxon, the Norman cr the I*-a,ue, 

Had -first setrfoct in Britain, o'er trampled heaps Qf.alafcr; 

Whose manhood saw the LVuid rite at forest-tree ami (recksr* 

And Savage -IrJbes of iBritain round the shrines of Zenneboci;;,t 

And for generations witnessed all the glories of the Gael, 

Since our Celtic sires sung war-songs round the sacred fires. of Baal; 

The tongues that saw its infancy are ranked atoong the dead, 

And front their graves have risen those now spoken in their stead. 

The glories of old Erin, with her liberty, have gone, 

Yet their halo linger'd round her, while the Gaelic speech liv'd on; 

For 'mid the desert of her woe, a monument more vast 

Than all her pillar-towers, it stood — that old Tongue of the Past! 

'Tis leaving, and for ever, the soil that gave it birth. 

Soon, — very soon, its moving tones shall ne'er be heard on earth, 

O'er the island dimly fading, as a circle o'er the wave — 

Receding, as its people lisp the language of the slave, J 

And with it too seem fading as sunset into night 

The scattered rays of liberty that lingered in its light, 

For ah! tho' long, with filial love, it clung to motherland, 

And Irishmen were Irish still, in language, heart and hand; 

T' install. its Saxon Rival. \ proscribed it soon became, 

And Irishmen are ■ rish now in nothing but in name, 

The Saxon chum our rights and tongues alike doth hold in thrall, 

*An old Irish tradition says that during the commerce of the Tyrians with Ireland, 
one of the prince of Tyre was invited over by the Monarch of Ireland, and got married 
to one of the Irish princesses during his sojourn there. 

tZerneboek. and Odin were two of the gods of the early Britons. 

tTacltus says, "The language of the conqueror in the mouth of the conqureed is ever 
the language of the slave." — Gcrmania. 

gActs of Parliament were enacted to destroy the Irish, and to encourage the growth 
of the English language. 



-■■ ■ ■ - - - ■ ■ - '.-■■■ - ■ -^ - 

12 

Save where amid the Connaught wilds and hills of Donegal — 
And by the shores of Munster, like the broad Atlantic blast. 
The olden language lingers yet and binds us to the Past. 

Thro' col J neglect 'tis dying now; a stranger on our shore! 

No Sara's hall re-echoes to its music as of yore — 

No Lawrence* fires the Celtic clans round leagueredAthacleef — 

No Shannon wafts from Limerick's towers theiir war-songs to the sea. 

Ah! magic Tongue, that round us wove its speils so soft and dear! 

Ah! pleasant Tongue, whose murmurs w«re as- music to the ear! 

Ah! glovious Tongue, whose accents could each Celticheart enthrall! 

Ah! rushing Tongue, that sounded like the swollen torrent's fall! 

The Tongue, that in the Senate was lightning flashing bright, — 

Whose echo in the battle was the thunder in its might! 

That Tongue, which once in chieftain's hall poured loud the min- 
strel lay, 

As chieftain, serf, or minstrel old is silent the^e to-day! 

That Tongue whose shout dismayed the foe at Kong and Mullagh- 
mast.J 

Like those who nobly perished there is numbered with the Past! 

The Celtic. Tongue is passing, and we stand coldly by — 

Without a pang within the heart, a tear within the eye — 

Without one pulse for Freedom stirred, one effort made to save 

The Language of our Fathers from dark oblivion's grave! 

0, Erin! vain your efforts — your prayers for Freedom's crown, 

Whilst offered in the language of the foe that clove it down; 

Be sure that tyrants ever with an art from darkness sprung, 

Would make the conquered nation slaves alike in limb and tongue; 

Russia's great Czar ne'er stood secure o'er Poland's shatter'd frame, 

Until he trampled from her heart the tongue that bore her name.. 

0. Irishmen, be Irish still! stand for the dear old tongue 

Which as ivy to a ruin, to your native land has clung! 

0, snatch this relic from the wreck! the only and the last, 

And cherish in your heart of hearts, the language of the Past!. 



We give the Welsh our heartfelt gratitude for thus clinging 
to their language, it speaks volumes in favor of the inherent 
qualities of the people and proves their nobility of character: 

*St. Lawrence O'TooIp, Archbishop of Dublin, succeeded in organizing the Irish 
chieftains under llodenck O'Cooner, King of Connaugiit, against the hist baud of 
adventurers under Strongbow. 

tAthaclee, Athacleith, the Irish name of Dublin. Baih-ath-claith, literally means the 
Town of the ford of hurdles. 

^'Nothing so affrighted the'enemy at the raid of Mullacrhmast as the unintelligible 
password in the Irish tongue, with which, the, Irish troops burst upon the foe."— Green 
Book. 



1 o 

Ode on the Mythology of the ancient British Bards in the 
manner of Taliesin, recited on Primrose Hill at a meeting of the British 
Bards, on the summer solstice of 1792, and ratified* at the subsequent 
autumnal equinox and winter "solstice. 

Hir y bydd Brython. fal Car char orion. 

Yni mraint Alltudion TVrSAXONiA, 
Eu j\ r er afolant Eu Iliaith a Gadwant 

Eii Tir'a Gollant ond Gwyllt Walia. 

Taliesin, anno 550. 



Long shall the Britons humbled low remain, 
For ages drag the Saxons' galling chain; 

But faithful still their Ancient God adore, 
Pure keep their language as in days of yore; 

Be robbed of native lands, from all exiled, 
But Walia's rough uncultivated wild. 

Gicir, yn erbyn y Byd. 
i. e — Truth against all the world. 



We will place before the public the ancient Britons mode of 
preserving their laws as well as the ancient Irish; we will also 
give some of the triades in tbeir language and in English. We 
are sorry we cannot publish some poetry in the Irish language, 
there being no type in this city. We will also give the trans- 
lation of the fourth book of Julius Cassar's invasion of Britain. 

"The Bards and Druids (both one and the same people) of 
Ancient Britain, had, before letters were known, reduced the 
arts of memory and oral tradition into a well systematized sci- 
ence. Song was one of tbeir methods of giving permanency or 
fixation to orality : songs skilfully composed on interesting sub- 
jects, were learned with avidity, they soon became popular, 
they could be transmitted without the aid of letters from one 
person, time or place to another, though ever so remote. Long 
details and diffuse declamations could never be learned orally 
with any tolerable degree of ease, nor could they be retained in 
the memory; or were it possible, and except, in a very few extra- 
ordinary instances, it could ever be so generally or sufficiently 
frequent, as to be of any material use to mankind ; for this rea- 
son, itvaddltiou to song, the Bards invented a varietyof aphor- 
istical forms, on fixed, regular and unalterable principles, that 
were obvious to the understanding, easily learned and remem- 
bered. It was necessary that these should not be capable of as- 

*A poem, &c. admitted at one meeting, approved of by a secondhand 
ratified by a third, may allowably be published. 

Ancient usage. 



14 



suminff any other form, or materially different mode of verbahty 
than that in which they were originally delivered. Aphorisms 
constructed on such fixed principles could be learned with ease, 
and with ease retained by the memory ; they would with near- 
lv if not quite as much facility as song, becopie widely diffused 
over a large extent of place and time : in songs and m aphor- 
isms of this description were tine Theological, Scienjifical Max- 
ims of the Ancient Bards of Britain delivered, and these were 
easily retained by the public memory. # m 

The term Bard, in its original Cimbnc acceptation, signmes 
Priest ; but, when letters were not known, song having been 
found the best, most pleasing, and for that reason the moat ei- 
fectual means of fixing permanently the oralities of religion and 
useful science, it bepamc as indispensably nepes^ary for a priest 
to be a poet as it is in these times for him to be able to read 
and write ; hence Bard and Poet came in length of time to be 
the synonymous terms. ■ _ . , , 

ModernVunderstand nothing by the word tradition but the 
wildly confused popular story of we know not what; old wives. 
Tales ; something as widely different from Bardic Tradition as 
the oast <s from the west; and of course, whether they censure, 
or in part, admit what they call tradition, they only talk non- 
sense and jabber they know not what. 

The didactic songs and aphorisms of the Bards were always 
laid before their grand meetings, conventions or ourialities, ol 
the solstices and equinoxes; there they were discussed with the 
most scrutinizing severity, if admitted at the first they were, 
re-considcred at the second meeting ; if then approved ot they 
were referred to the third meeting ; and being approved ot by 
that they were ratified and confirmed ; otherwise they were re- 
ferred to thfi Triennial Supreme Convention for ultimate consid- 
eration, wteri'all that had been confirmed at the Provincial 
Convention' were also recited, and the disciples that there .at- 
tended' from every province, enjoined to learn them that thereby 
they might be as widely diffused as possible; these were re- 
cited foi ever afterwards, annually at least, at every curiality 
or convention in Britain : this being the practice, it was impos- 
sible for perversion and interpolation to take place everything 
of this kind would be soon detected and rejected; all the Bardic 
traditions were thus to be for ever recited annually at one or 
other of the four Grand Meetings of the year: being thus 
guarded in every Province, it was impossible tor them to devi- 
ate materially from truth. This well-guarded tradition was a 
better guardian of truth than letters have ever been, especially 
before the art of printing was discovered : we confide in letters 



15 

that gkulk in dens and dark corners ; we know not whence 
they come into light, we often know not whence they come into 
existence. If a manuscript has a little of the mould of age on 
it, we admit blindly more of what it says as truth than becomes 
wise men. Letters can transmit lies to posterity through a 
long, dark and unknown as it were, subterraneous passage ; 
Bardic tradition walks in open day and beaten tracks, exposes 
itself to the eye of light, as its own language emphatically has 
it. Macpherson, Chatterton, Pinkerton* and others, could 
never have sported with Bardic tradition as they have done 
with letters. Nothing can more evintte the fidelity of Bardic 
tradition than that the romance Greoffry of Monmouth is never 
once noticed in any Bardic poem or aphorism, and of each 
there are extant in ancient manuscripts perhaps a thousand ; it 
is so late as the fourth eenth century, and the latter end of it, 
before anything of the story of Brutus appears in the writings 
of any Welsh poet, and every poet was not a Bard. The 
Bards never mention, or in the least allude to, the Trojan origin 
of the Britons, whatever some may villianously assert. They 
alwavs represent the Cynunry (Cimbri) as the indigentea of 
Britain, and never gave any farther account of their origin. — 
Taliesin, by Llin Droea, (Trojan Race,) means the Romans 
then in this island, not the Ancient Britons. 

The Triades are titled in Welsh, 4 * Triosdd Bvirdd Ynys 
Prydain" i. e. M the Triades of the Bards of the Island of 
Britain:" they are classed under various heads, of Institutes 
Theology, Ethics, Poetical Criticism, &c, of which 1 will give 
a specimen: 

TRldEDD BRAINT A DEfrbtf. 

1. Tri chyntefigion Beirdd gorseddog Ynys Prydain, Plenn- 
yndd, Alawn, a Gwron. 

2. Am dri achos y gelwir y Beirdd, yn Feirdd wrth Fraint 
a Defod Beirdd Ynys Prydain, yn gyntaf am mae yn Ynys Pry- 
dain y cafwyd Barddoniaeth gyntaf, yn ail am na chafwys uri 
gwlad arall srioed ddeall cyfiawn ar Farddoniaeth; yn drydydd 
amnas gellir cynnal Barddoniaeth gyfiawrt eif.hr yrti Mraintf 
Defodau a Llafar Gorfedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain, acam hynn o 
ba wlad bynnag y bont, Beirdd wrth Fraint a Defod Beirdd 
Ynvs Prydain au gelwir. 

3. Tri chof Beirdd Ynys Prydain, Cof Can; Cof Llafar Gor- 
sedd ; a Choi' Defod. 



"^See his confessional,[jas he calls it, in the lists of Scotish Poets, pre- 
fixed to his first volume of Ancient Scotish poems, p. exxxi. 



16 

4. Tri rhyw Beirdd Ynys Prydain, Prifeirdd cr'cyn Cred, a 
gwedi Cred, Beirdd Beli a'r Oferfeirdd. 

5. Tri rhyw Prifeirdd y sydd, Bardd Braint, rieu Brifardd 
Pendant, wrth Framt Defod, a Llafar Gorsedd ; a'i swydd yw 
Uywodraethu : Ofydd, wrth Awen, ymgais, a dichwain ; a'i 
swydd yw Awenyddu : a Derwydd, wrth Bwyll, Ansawdd a 
Gorsod ; a'i swydd yw Athrawiaethu. 

Institutional Triades. 

1. The three primary privileges of the Bards of the Island 
of Britain, are : maintenance wherever they go ; that no naked 
weapon be borne in their presence; and their testimony preferred 
to that of all others. 

2. That three ultimate intentions of Bardism — to reform 
morals and customs ; to secure peace ; and to celebrate the 
praises of all that is good and excellent. 

3. Three things are forbidden to a Bard : immorality, to sa- 
tirize, and to -bear .arms. 

4 The three modes of instruction used by the Bards of the 
Island of Britain : the dictates of the voice-conventional of 
song, and of usage conventional. 

5. The three joys of the Bards of the Island of Britain : the 
increase of knowledge ; the reformation of manners ; and the 
triumphs of peace over the lawless and depredatory. 

6. The three splendid triumphs of the Bards of the Island of 
Britain : the triumph of learning over ignorance ; the triumph 
of reason over irrationality ; and the triumph of peace over the 
lawless and depredatory. 

Triades op Bardism, or Theological Triades. 

1. Three things it is impossible that God should not per- 
form : what is most beneficial, what all want most, and what is 
most beautiful of all things. 

2. The three stabilities of existence : what cannot be other- 
wise, what need not be otherwise, and what cannot be con- 
ceived better; and in these will all things end. 

3. Three things will infallibly be done : all that is possible 
for the Power, for the Wisdom, and for the Love of God to 
perform. 

4. The three grand attributes of God: infinite Plentitude of 
Life, of Knowledge, and of Power. 

5. Three causes produced animated beings : Divine Love, 
possessed of perfect Knowledge; Divine Wisdom, knowing all 
possible means ; and Divine Power possessed by the joint Will 
of Diviue Love and Wisdom. 



1 



Ethical Triades. 

1. There are three things, and God will not love him that 
loves to look at them: fighting ; a monster ; and the pomposity 
of pride. 

2. Three things produce wisdom : truth ; consideration, and 
suffering, 

3. The threo great ends of Knowledge : duty, utility and de- 
corum. 

4. There are three men that all ought to look upon with af- 
fection : he that with affection, looks at the face of the earth ; 
that is delighted with rational works of art ; and that looks 
lovingly on little infants. 

5. Three men that will not love their country : he that loves 
luxurious food ; he, that loves riches ; and he that loves ease- 

Poetic Triades, or Triades of Song. 

The three primary requisites of poetical Genius : an eye that 
can see nature; a heart that can feel nature, and a resolution 
that dares follow nature. 

2. The three final intentions of Poetry : accumulation of 
goodness, enlargement of understanding, and what increases 
delight. 

3. The three properties of just imagination : what is possi- 
ble, what we ought to be, and what is decorous. 

4. The three indispensabilities of the language of poetry : 
purity, copiousness, and propriety. 

5. Three things should be well understood in Poetry : the 
great, the little, and their connectives. 

6. Three things must be avoided in Poetry ; the frivolous, 
the obscure, and the superfluous. 

7. The three principal considerations of poetical description : 
what is obvious, what instantly engages the affections, and 
what is strikingly characteristic. 

8. The three dignities of Poetry : the true and the wonder- 
ful united, beauty and sapience, and the union of art and na- 
ture. 

9. The three utilities of Poetry ; the praise of virtue and 
goodness, the memory of things remarkable, and to invigorate 
the affections. 

10. The three indispensable purities of Poetry : pure truth, 
pure language, and purity of manners. 

11. Three things thoroughly should all poetry be : thorough- 
ly erudite, thoroughly animated, and thoroughly natural. 

We are indebted to a book entitled Williams' Poems, pub- 
3 



18 

lished in London in 1704. for tha Triadjsa and the Bardism al- 
l.udo.d to, and also ;; poem a' of the pamphlet on the 

fulfillnient of Isaiah's prediction of the -millennium. 

We pass on to the fifth century and reach the period, of the 
birth of the patron Saint of Ireland. The native Irish for ages 
before Saint Patrick visited the country, were noted for gener- 
osity. He found it manifesting itself in an unbounded degree, 
by giving large portions of the proceeds of their labor to the 
poor and afflicted. This charity was connected with their 
sacred springs or wells. Saint Patrick's life had many vicissi- 
tudes connected with it. At one time we find him a slave; at 
another, he is cast away on the ocean; at another, we find him 
escaping from bondage; at another, we find him in Ireland before 
he had made up his mind to prepare himself to convert them to 
Christianity. It is quite evident that when he was in Ireland 
first, that tho good qualities of the people had a decided effect 
upon his mind; their genial minds and warm hearts, penetrated 
his inmost soul- with pity for them, who, as Pagans, were addict- 
ed to some habits he could not approve. Hence we find him 
making his way into France., where he was educated, fourteen 
hundred years ago, in the same faith as we ar*e to-day in 
America, proving that the church whose cause he espoused and 
whose virtues he exemplified in his life, was the one that should 
subsist in all ages, and teach all nations. Many nations claim 
Saint Patrick as one of their children; he evidently was liko 
most men in his aspirations, when a mere ordinary man, but 
when he became a Saint, his charity was as broad as the Uni- 
verse, and his faith as enduring and abiding as eternity; when 
Saint Patrick was a slave and in obscurity, his case then as 
regards nations claiming him as belonging to them, reminds me 
of a blind old man who lived about 200 years after the founder 
of that religion which has subsisted these 3,000 years, and 
which is clung to with the same tenacity as when Pharaoh 
would not let the children of' Israel leave Egypt. That blind 
old man was poor and in obscurity, and he was a strolling min- 
strel through Greece and other countries; then no nation con- 
sidered it an honor to acknowledge him, but since the greatest 
Poem in the world has been translated into every language of 
the civilized nations of the earth, and has been read by count- 
less millions of scholars and students of all nations of any liter- 
ary pretensions, from the days of Plato till the present time, 
we find many nations who were renowned as having achieved 
all things that a great people could, claiming it the greatest 
honor to name Homer, the greatest author of epic poetry and 
poetic inventions that ever existed in the world, as one of their 






suns Saint Patrick returned from France, and commenced 
Olantine the seeds of Christianity in Ireland, and he found the 
minds and hearts of the Paga, Irish soil of such a character, 
that it soon began to germinate and. bring forth fruit. Yes the 
seed of Christianity, and the love of nationality, took such deep 
root in the Irish mind and heart, that 1,300 years 'of affliction, 
such as famine, pestilence, invasions, wars, and damnable 
downtrodden and oppressive laws, combined with the offer ot 
honor and emoluments, if the people would deny the ftitfa and 
embrace heresy, has not in the least uprooted their faith and 
love of nationality. We believe that if God had tested any other 
nation on the earth so severely as Ireland has been, and who 
has still held out true to her faith without the least waver- 
ing that we would not have had to-day, as Ireland is, a monu- 
mental nation, proving that our holy religion is not ot this 
world In the sixth c-enturv, about one hundred years after 
St Patrick went to Ireland, Saint Augustine and thirty monks 
went from Rome to Britain, but as the Saxon race who occu- 
pied the country, did not have genial minds and warm hearts 
the result was that Christianity was longer spreading in that 
country, and the history of England since then proves conclu- 
sively that the soil Augustine had to plant in, was not only 
hard but more barren. We pass on some three hundred years, 
and in the mean time Ireland became quite universally chris- 
tianized; so much so that in the ninth and tenth centuries and 
subsequently, she became the scat of learning. Then it was 
when the country, which since has become the leading nation in 
the world for universities, we mean Germany, was m compara- 
tive barbarism, Ireland's ecclesiastical universities were noted 
all over the world, and her monasteries also, she had hundreds 
and thousands of Monks six hundred years before the discovery 
of printing, indefatigably engaged in transcribing with their 
pen not only the Holy Scriptures, but also the classics of 
Greece and Rome. It was in her Universities that thousands 
of youths from all parts of Europe, might be seen perusing the 
philosophy of a Plato or Aristotle, the drama of a Euripi- 
des and a Sophocles, the oratory of a Demosthenes and Cic- 
ero, the poetry of a Homer and a Virgil and the history of a 
Livy and Herodotus. Say not, that this was an age of dark- 
ness ! It was then that those Gothic Cathedrals were built 
which stand in all their silent grandeur and glory ; which have 
bid defiance to the ravages of time or the beating of the ele- 
ments. It was then that stained glass was made, by which 
the object was imbeded in the interior of the glass which re- 
tains all their pristine beauty it had in the days of Ireland g 



If 






20 

greatness and glory. Yes, while the Greeks have had no 
equals in academic architecture, Ireland has had none in that 
style of buildings which appeal to all the noble elements of tho 
mind, and the highest and most exalted aspirations of the soul; 
let us hear no more about the dark ages by ignorant or knavish 
minds, when we find in this age of light and progression archi- 
tects and builders, as did the one of tho Trinity Church of New 
York a few years since, go to Ireland and behold with silent 
meditation and awe, those buildings built a thousand year ago, 
in order, if possible, to imitate them. During the interval 
from Saint Patrick till this time, many important changes had 
taken place. We find in the eastern part of Europe Mahoraedism 
spread with much rapidity ; but it was done with the sword ; 
and we also find the dismemberment of the Roman Empire ta- 
king place, and the commencement of the modern nations of Eu- 
rope While the Mahomedans had great success in the East, wo 
find the Church spread its doctrines and faith in the West. It 
was at that time that Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope, 
Emperor of the Western Empire, which empire in Territorial 
extent, we believe will soon be returned to France again, in 
proof of which we are writing some war articles and we will 
publish them soon. Ireland has had as a nation three epochs : 
the first was Pagan, which lasted from the first settlement of 
the country, till the fifth century, when Saint Patrick com- 
menced the conversion of that people. The second was the 
ecclesiastical period which continued from the fifth century till 
about the eleventh. The third was the period of her invasions, 
wars and final subjection to the English yoke. But she will 
have another, that will be her reward for holding out to the 
end, and as individuals are to receive a crown according to the 
crosses they experience in this life, Nations will also, and Ire- 
land's crown, when sho arises from her prostrate condition, will 
be one studded all over with diadems that never fade away, or 
are destroyed by the ravages of time. Her jewels will be 
Holiness, Justice, Mercy and Truth. We will mention in this 
connection what the great evil is, under which Ireland has 
labored. As you all know, it is divided into four Provinces, 
Ulster, Leinster, Munstcr and Connaught. From time almost 
immemorial, the kings who governed these Provinces have 
endeavored to conquer each other. Sometimes two of them 
would fight in battle array against the other two, and at one 
time three kings fought against one ; we believe it was the 
king of Leinster. This internal strife within, gave her invaders, 
the Danes and Saxons, a good opportunity to subdue them. — 
From the time one of tho kings of Ireland called to his assist- 



21 

ance the king of England, to help him repel the other kings, 
(his invaders) Ireland has been more or less under the control 
of the English. The Danes, in the tenth century, were the first 
general invaders, from a remote country. Whether they built 
those round towers which abound through Ireland, with subter- 
ranean passages from one to the other, is a question not yet 
answered. The presumption is they were built before their 
invasion. They, however, took possession of them, and in case 
of defeat, they would retire within their subterranean passages. 
The wars with the Danes were kept up quite incessantly, till 
their expulsion from the country, which took place in the 12th 
century. Some amalgamation took place during the time 
the Danes were in the country, and all red haired Irish are 
decendants from this amalgamation between the two races. — 
William the Conquerer invaded England in the eleventh century 
and subdued the Saxons, confiscated their lands, and they 
became subservient to him. The Saxons continued in vasalage 
and were used as soldiers to invade Ireland. A great and 
decisive battle was fought on Good Friday, 23d of April, 1014. 
The leader of the Irish forces was Brian Boru. He succeded 
Malichy the Second. He was eighty years of age when he per- 
ished at the celebrated battle of Clontarf, near Dublin. — 
The Danes succeeded to the control of the East coast of 
Ireland. They offered but a feeble resistance to Henry the 
Second, who received a bull from Pope Alexander the Third, 
confirming the grant of Pope Adrian the Fourth, of the lordship 
of Ireland. Having'arrived in Waterford on the 19th of October, 
1171, the ecclesiastical dignities swore fealty to him. From 
that day to the present, the English have had more or less 
control of the country, but since then there has been many 
invasions and attempts to entirely subjugate the Irish nation, 
but it has been resisted with great bravery and fortitude. To 
mention all the names of Ireland's warriors, would take too 
much time and room. After mentioning some of the numerous 
universities and colleges established between the ninth and 
fourteenth centuries, and also the influence of the Catholio 
Church, upon the civilization of the modern nations of Europe, 
which (emenated from the Roman Empire, we will then revert 
back to Ireland's history, from the twelfth century down to the 
present time, but before we do so we will contrast the characters 
of the Celtic and Teutonic or Saxon races. 

The Benedictine Monks established, in the ninth century, a 
medical university, which became in such repute that thousands 
from all parts of Europe, of all classes, wended their way 
hither to receive its benefits. The poor had medical advice 



22 

I and medicine gratis, and the apothe-carjf keepers could not 
charge exorbitant pricesj as they do now. it was theuregula- 
I! ted by the medical faculty, what they should charge. There 
i'| were four universities for imparting classical knowledge, estab- 
[I tablished in France; three in Germany, three in Scotland, one 
|, in Switzerland, and two in England. Oxford was established 
u 500 years before the so-called reformation, or in other words, 
|| the wholesale plunder of the (march property, and the Cani- 
;i bridge, was established 300 years before. In the 13th and 14th 
1 1 centuries, these colleges bad from live to ten thousand 
students attending them. In the time of Henry the Eighth 
M there were but 1500. At the present day there are but GOO 
j! students in attendance at each of these universities, established 
'•' in the middle ages by Catholics, and which had then VI times 
•; the number of students which they have in this age of light, 
and this too, in the richest country in the world. England 
!'; has machinery enough employed daily, for the manufactories of 
;: the world,, to equal the hand labor of 1,000.000.000, or the 
'-! population of the globe, in a week, still we find more paupers 
S in England than any country, for its population, on the Earth. 
>■■ She has more who cannot read or write, for her numbers, than 
jj any other country, and so benighted are tens of thousands, in 
[j the mining districts, that Dickens remarks they never heard of 
I- the name of the Savior of the world. She has, pince the 
|J plunder hi the church property, which the church used for the 
|| good of all the people, concentrated ir, in a less number of 
| owners than any other country on the globe. She has made 
J; war with the Chinese and Hindoos, with the pious pretext 
H of introducing the Bible among them, but for no other purpose 
than to compel them to purchase and take that deadly drug, 
opium, against their will, and used at the expense of their 
poverty, idiocy and death. She has reduced the Irish people 
| to the potato, as the staple article of food, which, when the 
[.j crops failed, and they could not pay exorbitant rents to an 
« aristocracy, without heart or feelings, living out of Ireland,' 
H therefore she has had thousands of huts and cabins leveled to 
the ground, and millions of Ireland's noblest sons and daughters 
wore turned out to starve and to die. Should not such a nation 
be judged by Grod Almighty, and should not her punishment be 
more severe than any other Kingdom or empire that has been 
weighed in the balance of justice and found wanting? her 
downfall will result from her selfishness, injustice, pride and 
irreverence. We will make some remarks about the influence 
of the Catholic church upon the civilization of the nations of 
modern Europe which emenated from the Roman Empire. We 



T 






have stated that inclividnal nations atM humanity has' epochs. 
itat?ed that at! the tiniS of the birth of the Saviour of the 
world, an epoch took place Which appertained tn the whole hu- 
man family. In ] o r> k i i ) it; at the religions of all the antecedent 



nations of the earth bet' re the advent of Our Lord, and also j 
since, except those fhal were christians, it will be found that > 
altliongh they all ck&g to their religious faith and were clis- j 
posed to proselyte those with whom they came in immediate con- • 
tact, still they were not disposed to spread their religion all over :! 

| the world. The reason of this is obvious ; the moral principles !j 
of their religion did not appeal to and captivate the mind and ': 
heart of universal humanity as does the ethics or the moral elo~ j 

: ments of Christianity as propagated and promulgated by the cath- I 
otic church, h^nce from the time of the first promulgation of the t 
glorious principles of the gospel by our Divine Redeemer until j 
the present tome, the church which he established and of which jj 
he is the head, has always endeavored to spread itself in all ji 
parts of the world. It is for this reason the church is conser- j] 
vative upon the political forms of the governments of the world, j] 
she not being of time as they are, but of eternity, allows man as 
a universal whole to adopt such governments as suits them best. 
All she asks is that the rulers do justice to the people, and sev- 
eral times she has compelled emperors and kings to do justice to 
their subjects which they were not disposed to do. When Pagan 
Home had the whole world under its control, there were many f 
diversified religions, although they were each opposed to the j 
other Still they all united together to crush and extirpate the 
religion which our blessed Lord established. The consequence j 
was that most of the early christians had to live in the cata- j 
combs of Rome ; still some went out into different parts of the j 
world at the risks of their lives, and many became martyrs in j 
spreading the faith. We pass on 400 years, and the general | 
persecution in Rome ceased, and then Missionaries began to go 
abroad through Italy, Gaul, Briton and other countries. We 
come down 800 years or about the time of Charlemagne, and we 
find the faith had spread and the nations or tribes in Southern 
and Western Europe, had considerably advanced in the prin- 
ciples of the gospel. W T e come down four or five hundred years 
later, then we begin to see a new era commence; it was the ele- 
vation of woman. Some turmoils existed during this time, the 
results of a transition from an old faith to a new one. In the 
age of chivalry, woman became much elevated ; but did not 
our holy religion, which places the Holy Blessed Virgin a model 
of all the christian virtue, have no influence in doing this ? 
Some three centuries ago, a general of Spanish birth, who 



24 

was handsome, bravo and rich — one who had become influenced 
in behalf of woman, in that age of chivalry, and one who had 
fought many battles through her influence, and who had 
narrowly escaped with his life many times — what a beautiful 
sight it was to see that Spanish general lay his sword by his 
side and kneel before the Blessed Virgin, whose countenance 
bespoke naught but innocence, virtue and goodness. Then he 
vowed from that time henceforth he would devote his soul, mind, 
body and fortune, in behalf of the cause of our Redeemer, and 
what has been the result ? We answer, from that beginning, 
of a Spanish general, prostrated before that Virgin, who is a 
model for all virtues, has emanated an order or society, of 
which St. Ignatius Loyoh was the founder. The Society of 
Jesus has embraced, for its members, more piety, more virtue, 
more intelligence, more self-denial, more moral heroism, and 
has done more good, both spiritual and intellectual, than the 
same number of men ever did on earth. But recollect that 
chivalry was confined, principally, and almost entirely, to those 
countries which were Catholic in faith. Hence we find it 
abound in the south of Europe, or if in the north or west of 
Scotland and England, it did not occur till after- the Norman 
invasion, which people were Celtic in blood. Woman has never 
been respected among the Teutonic race as she has among the 
Celtic. In the north of Europe, where the Teutonic or Saxon 
blood predominates, you find woman, to a great extent, mere 
pack-horses in toil. They have to work in the fields with 
wooden shoes, and they have to carry burdens (which we see 
them do in this country, where they are numerous) which is only 
fit for horses to carry. 

Ireland had many Prophets between the days of St. Patrick 
and the ninth century. Among the most noted was St. 
Columbcille. We have read his predictions, as well as several 
others, and many things have transpired ages after they 
predicted they would, and they occurred to the letter. For 
instance, the prediction about the Danish invasion, and their 
final expulsion from the country, and also in regard to the 
subjugation of Ireland to the British yoke, and the manner 
the Saxon oppressors would treat Ireland. 

In this connection, before we proceed with Ireland's historical 
period of wars and invasions, we will state that we are 
indebted to the Historical Ballads of Ireland for the engage- 
ment her warriors had with the Saxons and Danes, and also 
the poem on the Anglo Saxon race, and that on the death 
of Emmet. After the poem on the Anglo Saxcn race, we will 
show the contrast between the Scandinavian Mythology and 



25 

the Greeks and Romans, in order to prove that the races of 
Southern Europe have originated and developed the Arts, 
while the people who are the offspring of the Teutonic race are 
not artistic in their nature. We do not do this out of any 
animosity or ill-feeling toward the Saxons, Danes, Swedes or 
Norwegians, but we believe it is a truth in nature and a fact in 
history. 

THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE. 

BY M. HALPIN. 

Assyria ! first of all the lands 

That ruled with universal sway. 
Thy Babylon with mortal hands 

Was formed — thy pendant gardens gay — 
Thy squares and palaces of gold 

Were builded by a race of men 
Profound of thought, of heavenly mould, 
That ruled for ages; but what then ? 
They were not of the Saxon race — 
The parents grand of civilization; 
What noble deeds doth history trace 
Outside the Anglo-Saxon nation? 

Th' Assyrian fell — his empire pass'd 
Away in darkness evermore, 
Like noon without a cloud o'ercast. 
Whose eve is rent by thunder's roar : 

The Persian conquered ; Cyrus reigned — 
From ruin beauty sprung again — 

He spread his laws and arts, and gained 
From all submission ; but what then ? 
He was not of the Saxon race — 

The parents grand of civilization ; 
What noble deed doth history trace 
Outside the Anglo-Saxon nation? 

And lo ! the hardy, daring Greek, 

With art and science in his hand — 
Philip's great son went forth to seek 

New conquests in the Persian's land ; 
And triumphed over the then known earth — 

Ay, wept for more. ! every pen 
Delights to trace the Grecian's birth 
And life and genius : but what then? 
He was not of the Saxon race — 

The parents grand of civilization ; 

What noble deed doth history trace 

Outside the Anglo-Saxon nation ? 

Greece fell! just like an o'er-ripe fruit : 
And haughty Rome upsprungin place, 

And mighter grew ; and set her foot 
Upon the neck of every race. 



26 



The earth has never, never seen 

In peace or war. such matchless men — 
Yes, e'en in form, inlieight and mien. 

Seemed more than mortal; but what then? 
'J bey were not, of the Saxon race — 
The parents grand of civilization; 
What noble deed doth history trace 
Outside the Agio-Saxon nation; 

The Goth and Vandal in their might, 

Poured down from Danube's regal stream, 
And swept o'er Rome, like plague's dark blight; 

Her history since? — a troubled dream. 
Then Charlemagne uprose j his sword 

Submission gained from royal men, 
Till Europe's fearful feudal horde 

Lay prostrate 'neath him ; but what then? 
He was not of the Saxon race — 

The parents grand of civilization ; 
What noble deed doth history trace 
Outside the Anglo-Saxon nation? 

The Spaniads and the Portuguese — 

The ocean kings whose standards waved 
In haughty pride upon the seas, 

Despite of dangers nobly braved. 
The new world's wealth was theirs alone, 
Whom unknown seas could never pen, 
Spain's pride and glory then outshone 
All other nations ; but what then ? 

They were not of the Saxon race — 
The parents grand of civilization ; 
What noble deed doth history trace 
Outside the Anglo-Saxon nation ? 

And Gaul — u th.e merry land" of Gaul — 

Hurled back united Europe's horde, 
And played in frantic zeal with all 

The "Rights of Kings." Napoleon's word 
Made monarchs ; potent was his sway, 
O'er angry, proud, discordant men, 
His mind was like a brilliant ray 

Of light, all scorching ; but what then ? 
He was not of the Saxon race — 

The parents grand of civilization ; 
What noble deed doth history trace 
Outside the Anglo-Saxon nation ? 

Great men have sprung from every land — 
From every creed, and race, and clime ; 

The earth brings forth her hero band 
Impatient as to place or time. 

Confucius and Columbus bold, 

George Washington* and Zenghis Kan ; 

Brave Tell and Brian Boru of old, 



27 

And many others ; but what then ? 

They were not of the Saxon race— 

The parents grand of civilization ; 
What noble deed doth history trace 
Outside the Anglo-Saxon nation? 

* In name and HMM Washia.tn, was a Norman. ^^^SSS^S^ 
hands, long lace and no.-e, proclaim him to have been a Norman ot the purest btainp 

CUsar's Invasion of Britain 

[Book IV.] 
TC XX.]— Exigua parte sestatis reliqua, Caesar— etsi in his 
locis hiemes sunt mature, quod omnis Gallia vergit ad f^ptm- 
triones— tamen contendit proficisci m Britanniam; quod inteili- 
gebat fere omnibus Gallicis bellis auxilia submimstrata inde nos- 
tris bostibus: et. si tempus anm ad gerendum bsllum denceret, 
tamen arbitrabatur fore magno usm sibi, si modo adisset in- 
sulam, perspexisset genus hominum, cognovisse loca, portus aa- 
itus; fere omnia mm erant incognita Gallis. Emm neque qui- 
squara, prater mereatores, adit illo temere: neque est quicquam 
notum iis ipsis, prater inaritimam oram, atque eas regiones 
qua) sunt contra Galliam. Itaque, mercatonbus convocatis ad 
se undique, poterat reperire neque quanta esset magnitude in- 
sula) neque qua) aut quanta) nationes incolerent, neque quern 
uBiim belli haberent, aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui 
portus essent idonei multitudiui largiorum navium. 

r XXL]— Ad cognoscenda hmc prius-quam faceret pencu- 
lum, pramittit cumlonga navi Caium Volusenum arbitrate 
esse idoneum. Huic mandat, ut omnibus rebus exploratis, rev- 
eratur ad se quam-pvimum. Ipse proficiscitur cum omnibus 
copiis in Morinos, quod inde erat brevissimus trajectus in Brit- 
anuiam. Hue jubet naves convenire ex finitimis regiombus un- 
dique, et classem quam fecerat superiore estate ad Veneticum 
belluin. Interim, ejus consilio cognito, et perlato per merea- 
tores ad Britannos/legati veniunt ad eum a compluribus mvi- 
tatibus ejus insula, qui polliceantur dare obsides atque obtem- 
perare imperio Komani populi. Quibus auditis-po heitus hb- 
eraliter, hortatus-que ut permanerent in ea sententia, rem sit 
eos domum; et mittit una cum his, Commm, quern ipse Atre- 
batibus superatis, constituerat regem ibi, et cujus VJ^mV 
consilium probabat, et quern arbitrabatur ndeiem sibi, cujus- 
que auctoritas habebatur magna in his regiombus. tiuic im- 
perat adeat quas civitates possit, tortetuivque sequantur Mem 
Romani populi, nunciet que se venturum eo celeritur V olusenus 
regiombus perspectis quantum facultatie potmt dan ei qm au- 
de?et non egredi navi ac committere se barbans, revertitur aa 



28 

Caesarem quinto die, renuntiat-que quae perspexisset ibi. 

[XXII. ] — Dum Caesar moratur in his locis causa paranda- 
rura navium, legati venerunt ad eum ex magna parte Morinorum, 
qui excusarent se de consilio superioris temporis; quod barbari 
homines, et imperiti nostra} consuetudinis, fecerant bellum Ro- 
mano populo; pollicerentur-que se facturos ea quae imperasset. 
Caesar arbitratus hocaccidisse opportune satis sibi, quod neque 
volebat relinquere hostem post tergum, neque habebat faculta- 
tem gerendi belli propter tempus anni, neque judicabat has oc- 
cupationes tantularum rerum anteponenclas sibi Britanniae, im- 
perat his magdum numerum obsinum. Quibus adductis, recepit 
eos in fidem. Circiter octoginta navibus oncrariis coactis con- 
tractis-que, quod existimabat esse satis ad transportandas duas 
legiones ; distribuit quaestori, legatis, praei'ectis-que quicquid 
habebat praeterea longarura navium. Hue accedebant octode- 
cim naves onerariae, quae tenebantur octo millia-passuum ex eo 
looo vento,quo minus possent pervenire in eundem portum. Has 
distribuit equitibus: dedit reliquum exercitum Quinto Titurio 
Sabino, et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottar, legatis, deducendum in 
menapios, atque in eos pagos Morinorum ad quibus legati non- 
venerant ad eum. Jussit Publium Sulpitium Kufum tenere por- 
tum cum eo praesidio quod arbitrabatur esse satis. ^ 

[XXIII,] — His rebus constitutis, nactus idoneam tempesta- 
tem ad navigandum, solvit fere tertia vigilia; jussit-que equites 
progredi in ulteriorem portum, et conscendere naves, et sequi 
se: a quibus cum id administratum-esset paullo tardius, ipse 
circiter quarta hora diei attigit Britanniam cum primis navibus, 
atque ibi conspexit armatas copias ho?tium expositas in omni- 
bus collibus Cujus loci haec erat natura: mare continebatur 
adeo augustis montibus, ut telum posset adjici ex superioribus 
locis in littus. Arbitratus hunc nequaquam idoneum locum ad 
egrediendum, expectavit inanchoris ad nonam horam, dum reli- 
quae naves convenirent eo. Interim legatis tribunis-que mili- 
tum convocatis, ostendit et quae cognovisset ex Voluseno, et ' 
quae vellet fieri ; monuit-que omnes res administrarentur ab iis 
ad nutum et ad tempus (ut ratio rmlitaris rei, maxime ut mari- 
timae res postularent, ut quae haberent celerem atque instabil- 
em motum. ) His dimissis, nactus et ventum et aestum secun- 
dum uno tempore, signo dato et anchoris sublatis, progressus 
circiter septem millia-passum ab eo loco, constituit naves aper- 
to ac piano littore. 

[XXIV.] — At barbari, consilio Komanorum cognito, (equi- 
tatu praemisso, et essedariis, quo genere consueverunt pler- 
umque uti in proeliisj subsecuti reliquis copiis, prohibebant nos- 
tros egredi navibus. Erat summa difiicultas, ob has causas, 



29 



quod naves propter magnitudinem poterant non constitui, nisi 
in alto; autem erat militibus, oppressis magno et grayi onere 
armorum, ignotis locia, impeditis manibus, simul et desiliendum 
de navibus, et consistondum in fluctibus, et pugnai.tlr.Ti! ?v.m 
hostibus: quum illi, ant ex aria-., a at pmgressi paullulum in 
aquam, expediti omnibus membris, conjicerent tela audacter lo- 
cia notissimis, et incitarent equos insuefactos. 

Quibus rebus nostri perterriti, atque omnino imperiti hujus 
generis pugnse, omnes utebantur non eademalacritate ac stud- 
io quo consueverant uti in terrestribus proeliis. ^ 

[XXV.]— Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, jussit longas naves 
quarum et species erat inusitatior barbaris, et inotus expeditior 
adusum, removeri paullulum ab navibus onerariis,et incitari re- 
mis et constitui ad aperatum latus bostium, atque hostes pro- 
pelli ac submoveri fundis, sagittis, tormentis; res quae fuit mag- 
no usui nostris. Nam barbari permoti et figura navium, et mo- 
tu remorum, et inusitato genere tormentorum, constiterunt, ac 
retulerunt-pedem modo paullum. Ac, nostris militibus cunctan- 
tibus maxime propter altitudinem maris, qui ferebat aquilam 
decimae legionis, contestatus Deos ut ea res eveniret feliciter 
legioni, inquit, "Desilite, milites, nisi vultis prodere aquilam 
hostibus: ego certe pnestitero meum officium Keipublicae atque 
Imperatori." Quum dixisset hoc magna voce, projecit se °z ..a- 
vi, atque ccepit ferre aquilam in hostes. Turn nostri cohortati 
inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, desiluerunt umyersi 
ex navi: alii item, quum conspexissent hos, ex proximis navibus, 
subsecuti, appropinquarunt hostibus. 

[XXVI)— Pugnatum-est acritur ab utrisque. Tamen nos- 
tri, quod poterant neque servare ordines, neque insistere firmi- 
ter, neque subsequisigna, atque alius ex aha navi aggregabat 
se quibuscunque signis occurreret, perturbabantur magnopere. 
Vero hostes, omnibus vadis, notis, ubi conspexerant ex litore 
aliquos singulares egredientes ex navi, equis incitatis adorie- 
bantur impeditos; plures circumsistebant paucos; alii conjicie- 
bant tela ab aperto latere in universos. Quod quum Caesar 
animadvertisset, jussit scaphas longarum navium compleri milit- 
ibus, item speculatoria navigia, et submittebat subsidia iis quos 
conspexerat laborantes. Nostri, simul atque constiterunt in 
arido, omnibus suis consecutis, fecerunt impetum in hostes, 
atque dederunt eos in fugam, neque potuerunt prosequi longuis, 
quod equites non potuerant tenere cursum atque capere insulam. 
Hoc unum defuit Caesrai ad pristinam fortunam. 

[XXVII.]— Hostes superati proelio, simul atque receperunt 
se ex fuga, statim miserunt legatos ad Caesarem de pace; pblic- 
iti-sunt sese daturos-[esse[ obsides, facturos quae imperasset. 



30 

Una cum his logatis venit Comius Atrebas, quern demonstraver- 
ara supra praeniissum a Cacsare in Britauniam. Hunc egress- 
um ex navi, illi comprehenderant atque conjecerant in vincula, 
cum preferret mandata imperatoris ad eos: turn proeho facto, re- 
miserunt, et in petenda pace, contulcrunt culpan ejusrei in mul- 
titudinem, ct petiveruut propter iraprudentiam, ut ignosceretur- 
Caesar questus, quod, cum petissent pacem a sc ultro, legatis 
missis in continenteni, intulissent bellum sine causa, dixit igno- 
scere iinprudentiae; imperavit-que obsides, quorum dederunt illi 
partem statim; partem arcessitam ex longinquioribus locis dix- 
erunt seM daturos paucis diebus. Interea jesserunt suos remi- 
grare in agros; nrincipcs-pue convenere undique, et eommen- 
darunt se suas que civitates Caesari. 

[Chap. 20.] — A small part of the summer remaining, Caesar 
— although in these place* the winters are early, because all 
Gaul inclines to the North — yet resolves to proceed into Brit- 
ain; because he understood that almost in all the Gallic wars 
succours had been supplied thence to our enemies: and, if the 
time of year for carrying on war should fail, yet he judged that 
it would be of great use to him, if only he should have ap- 
proached the island, should have thoroughly discovered the race 
of men, should have learnt its situation, ports, approaches ; al- 
most all of which things were unknown to the Gauls. For nei- 
ther does any one, besides merchants, go thither unadvisedly ; 
nor is anything known to those merchants themselves, besides 
the sea coast, and those regions which arc over against Gaul. — 
Therefore, merchants having been called together to him from 
every quarter, he was able to find neither how great was the 
magnitude of the island, not what or how great nations inhabi- 
ted it., nor what custom of war they had, or what forms of gov- 
ernment they used, nor what ports were proper for a multitude 
of the larger vessels. 

[-1.] — To ascertain these things before he should make the 
attempt, he sends forward with a long vessel Caius Volusenus, 
having judged him to be a proper person. To him he gives or- 
der, that, all things haviug.been explored, he should return to 
him as early as possible. He himself proceeds with all his for- 
ces to the Morini, because thence was the shortest passage into 
Britain. Hither he commands that vessels come together from 
the neighboring regions on all sides, and the fleet which he had 
formed in the preceding summer for the Yenetic war. Mean- 
time, his designs having been learnt, and carried over by mer- 
chants to the Britons, ambassadors come to him from very many 
states of that island, who should promise to give hostages, and 
to be obedient to the empire of the Roman people. Which pro- 



31 

posals having been beard, — promised them liberally, and ex- 
horted that they would remain in that sentiment, he sent them 
back home; andhe sends together with these, Comius, whom he 
himself the Atrebates having been overcome, had appointed 
king thero, both whose valor and prudence he approved, and 
whom he judged faithful to himself, and whose authority was 
accounted great in these regions. Him he commands that he 
go to what states he may. and exhort them that they follow the 
faith of the Roman people, and tell them that himself would 
come there speedily. Yolusenus, the regions having been 
examined with as much of ability as could be granted to him 
who dared not disembark, from his ship and intrust himself to 
the barbarians, returns to Caesar on the fifth day, and relates 
what he had discovered there. 

[22. ] Whilst Caesar is delaying in these places for the 

sake of preparing vessels, ambassadors came to him from a 
great part of the Morini, who should excuse themselves con- 
cerning the design of a former time ; because bcing^ rude men, 
and unskilled in our custom, they had made war with the Ro- 
man people ; and should promise that they would do hereafter 
those things which he should have commanded. Caesar having 
judged this to have happened favorably enough for him,bccause 
neither was he willing to leave an enemy behind his back,^ nor 
had he the opportunity of carrying on war on account of the 
time of year, nor did he judge that these occupations about so 
very small things were to' be preferred by him to Britain, ex- 
acts from them a great number of hostages Which having 
been brought to him; he received them into allegiance. About 
eighty vessels of burthen having been collected and drawn to- 
gether, which he considered to be enough for transporting two 
legions ; he distributed to the questor, lieutenants and prefacts 
whatever he had besides of long vessels. To this number were 
added eighteen vessels of burthen, which were detained eight 
thousand paces from that place by the wind, so that they were 
not allowed to arrive at the same port. These he distributed to 
the horse : he gave the remaining army to Quintus Titurius Sa- 
binus, and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta, his lieutenants, to be 
led away against the Menapii, and against those districts of 
the Eorini from which ambassadors had not come to him. He 
ordered Pubilus Sulpitius Rufus to keep the port with that 
guard which he judged to be sufficent, 

[23.]-- -These things being settled, having obtaiued proper 
weather for sailing, he loosed almost at the third watch and 
and he ordered the horse to proceed to the more distant port 
to get on board the ships and follow him, by whom, when 



32 

that had been managed a little too slowly, he himself, about 
the fonrth hour of the day, reached Britain, with the first 
ships, and there beheld the armed forces of the enemy posted 
on all the hills, of which place this was the nature. The sea 
was confined so by close mountains, that a dart might be hurled 
from the higher places upon the shore. Having judged this by 
no means, a proper place for disembarking, he waited at anchor 
till the ninth hour, until the remaining vessels should assemble. 
Meantime, the lieutenants and tribunes of the soldiers, having 
been called together, he shewed them both what he had learnt 
from Volusenus, and what he wished to be done, and admon- 
ished that all things should be attended to by them to a nod 
and to time (as the course of military business, above all, as 
maritime affairs required, as being those which had a rapid 
and restless motion.) These being dismissed, having obtained 
both wind and tide favorable at one time, the signal being given 
and the anchors raised, having proceeded about seven miles 
fram that place, he stationed his ships near an open and level 
shore. 

[24] — But the barbarians, the design of the Romans having been 
learnt, (cavalry having been sent before, and also chariot-men, 
which kind of combatants they were accustomed mostly to use 
in battles, ) having closely followed with their remaining forces, 
forbade our men to disembark from the ships. There was the 
utmost difficulty, for these causes, that the ships, on account of 
their largeness could not be stationed, except in deep water ; 
yet it was for the soldiers, oppressed with tne great and heavy 
burthen of arms, in unknown places, with encumbered hands, 
at once both to leap down from the ships, and to stand close in 
the waves, and to fight with the enemy ; whereas they (the foe), 
either from dry land, or having advanced a very little into the 
water, unencumbered in all their limbs, were hurling darts 
daringly from places perfectly known, and were urging on horses 
inured to the service. By which things, our men having been 
dismayed, and being altogether unskilled in this kind of fighting, 
all used not the same energy and zeal which they were accus- 
tomed to use in land battles. 

[25 ] — Which, when Caesar observed, he ordered the long 
vessels, of which, both the appearance was more unusual to the 
barbarians, and the motion more unencumbered for use, to be 
removed a very little from the vessels of burthen, and to be 
impelled by oars, and to be stationed at the open flank of the 
enemy, and the enemy to be driven on and dislodged by slings, 
arrows and arbalists, a measure which was of great use to our 
men. For the barbarians, confounded both by the shape of 



33 

the vessels, and the motion of the oars, and the unusual kind 
of engines, stopped, and drew back, though only a little. And 
our soldiers delaying chiefly on account of the depth of tbe 
sea, he who bore the eagle of the tenth legion, having attest'ed 
the Gods, that that purpose might result fortunately for the 
legion, said, "Leap down, soldiers, unless ye wish to betray the 
eagle to the enemy : I certainly shall have performed my duty 
to the Republic and to my General." When he had said this 
with a loud voice, he threw himself from the vessel, and began 
to bear the eagle against the enemy. Then our men having ex- 
horted together amongst themselves, lest so great a disgrace 
should be incurred, leaped down altogether from the vessel : 
others also, when they had beheld these, from the nearest ves- 
sels, having closely followed, approached the enemy. 

[26. ] It was fought sharply by both sides. Yet our men, because 
they were able, neither to keep their ranks, nor to stand up 
firmly, nor to follow elosely the standards, and because any one 
from any ship was associating himself with whatever standard 
he might meet, were confused exceedingly. Indeed, the ene- 
my, all the shallows being known to them, where they bad be- 
held from the shore any indivuals disembarking from a ship, 
with horses urged to speed, set upon them encumbered ; many 
surrounded few ; others hurled darts from the open flank upon 
our men altogether. Which, when Cajsar had observed, he or- 
dered the skiffs of the long vessels to be filled with soldiers, as 
also the espial barks, and substituted succours for those 
whom he had beheld distressed. Our men, as soon as they 
stood together on dry land, all their companions having reach- 
ed them, made an attack on the enemy, and put them to flight, 
nor were they able to pursue farther, because the horse had 
not been able to hold their course and to gain the island. This 
one thing was wanting to Caosar compared to his ancient for- 
tune. 

[27.] — The enemy having been overcome in battle, as soon 
as they recovered themselves from flight, forthwith sent ambas- 
sadors to Cresar concerning peace ; they promised that they 
themselves hereafter would give boscages, and would do the 
things which he should have commanded. Together with these 
ambassadors came Comius the Atrebatian, whom Diad pointed 
out above as having been sent forward by Caesar into^ Britain. 
Him having disembarked from the vessel, they had seized and 
had thrown into chains, when he was conveying the mandates 
of the General to them : then however battle having^ been 
made, they sent him back, and in suing for peace, laid the 
blame of that measure upon the multitude, and entreated, on 
5 



34 

account of their thoughtlessness, that no notice might be taken. 
Caesar having complained, that, when they had sued for peace 
from him of their own accord, abassadors being sent to the 
continent, they had brought upon him war without cause, said 
that he pardoned the thoughtlessness ; and he demanded hosta- 
ges ; of whom they gave to him a part forthwith ; a part sum- 
moned from more distant places they said that they would give 
in a few days. Meantime thoy commanded their own men to 
travel back to their fields ; and the princes came together on 
all sides, and commended themselves and their states to Crcsar. 

The /Ionian mile was about the length of our own : it contained a thousand pas&s, 
or five thousand feet, each pace being equal to five feet, as including a double step. 

The Romans divided the night into four equal watches, the first beginning nt sunset, 
the last ending at sunr^e. Hence, the time when C;e~ar weighed anchor, would be 
about midnight. The passage appears to have been near ten hours in duration, as the 
day did not commence till after the fourth watch, and C;e>ar reached the Island 1iora 
quarta 

The ai"ms of the Roman legionaries, offensive and defensive, were — a sword and two 
pikes ; an oblong shield, a helmet, breast-plate, and greaves. Besides th»se, each sol- 
dier, on a march, usually carried provisions and utensils to the weight of sixty pounds. 

The loss of a sl'ver eagle, which tffci the standard of each legiou was considered 
most disgraceful to the whole army, and was never risked except on most critical occa- 
sions. 

Our mind is not trammeled, as some think it is, since we 
became a Catholic. We believe the church is the only organi- 
zed institution existing in the world, that embraces all things 
created. See the sects who have separated from the fold — 
the Quakers for instance. They may be good and moral, and 
live a peaceable life That is well ; but does not the Catholic 
Church require that? Does not millions of her children live 
such a life? Look at the Quakers deprecating all the products 
of the artistic brain of man. God has given some that brain 
with a fine organization, and the result is, poetry, painting, 
music, sculpture, statuary, and architecture. Now, who is it 
that fosters these products of the human mind and soul ? Is it 
not Italy the seat of the christian world? Let the artists from 
every nation of the globe answer. Let the admiring millions, 
of all nationalities, who flock to Rome, reply. Who patronizes 
all the arts? Let the common, mongrel, and unartistic 
churches of the Protestant world answer. 

But to our subject. We have already stated that the 
Teutonic race were thoughtful and truthful, and very practical. 
Business is their main object, or in its stead, pure thought. — 
Their minds do not grasp the concrete with the abstract; 
hence their scepticism. If they could individualize as well as 
they generalize, they would behold a beautiful adaptation of 
means to ends pervading the universe, and they would end 
in faith in God, or belief in the immortality of the soul.— 



35 



The Scandinavians had in their Mythology, Thor for Norway. 
He was the god of strength and truth, and was called the 
matter of fact god. Frey was the god of Sweden He was 
noted for exalted aspirations. Odin was the god ot Denmark. 
He was noted for wisdom and knowledge. These were their 
supreme Gods. They had some of less note. The Goddess 
Freia was the wife of Odin, who was the supreme god ot ad, 
and from these two the others all emenated. Thor was repre- 
sented in a chariot drawn by two bucks. It rolled through the 
air and he was the God who hurled the thunder and lightning 
at the giants of the North, and also at the icebergs. He rep- 
resented strength. The goddess Freia was one of love and the 
German name "frau," meaning wife, was derived from her 
name. She was sister to the God Frey. Hell, with them, was 
total darkness and intensely cold. The only instruments ot 
music we have ever seen, in the pictures of a large number of 
their gods and goddesses, is in the form of a harp, with an 
eagles head at the top. The gods and goddesses are either in 
meditation or else eating, and this proves^ what we all know, 
that the stomachs of the Saxon English is the one thing need- 
ful to be satisfied. Some of them are suppled with the most 
deadly weapons of warfare. 

They had one god of kindness, his name was Balder, and the 
one of war was a Bard, named Bragee he composed war songs ; 
there were three godesses in one groupe. they represented the 
past present and future, the god Odin had two ravens, one on 
each side of him, they would tell him all that was transpiring 
in the world. One spoke in each ear. There was one god ot 
good and another of evil. There is one god with his hairt in 
the mouth of averyferocous beast, and another is chaining 
him Indeed, the most of them are surrounded with beasts 
and in one fgro.up of a dozen, we find the god of cunning and 
deception, speaking to the rest, some of which are thinking 
others talking, and some have war implements in their hands. 
There is one-up of sixty persons, all of winch Wff»M 
with some kind of implements of warfare, and in the back 
ground, is a ship, indicatve of the seafaring tendency of the 
Scandinavian race, who were pirates along about the nieth cen- 
tury, and even before that, it is supposed they reached Amer- 
ican their piratical expeditions. They at least invaded Ire- 
land and Scotland. The Scandinavian race includes the Danes, 
Sweeds, Norwegians, and all those northern people wfae are no- 
ted for their florid complexion, light .hair and blue eyes. The 
whole surroundings of the gods and goddesses indicate a fero- 
cious nature. The god Bacchus, of the Greeks, whoa* .one of 



36 

dissipation, has as good a face and countenance as any of the 
best gods of the Scandinavians. Remember what we say is 
not out of prejudice. The pictures we allude to, are to be 
found, in a book published by a Scandinavian, in Copenhagen, 
the capital city of Denmark. It is the Greek and Roman my- 
thology contrasted with that of the Scandinavians. The book 
was published by King & Son, in the year 1847 One more re- 
mark, and then we will proceed with the Roman mythology. 
We are publishing these facts because we think there is more 
significance in the originating principles of the human mind as 
regards their religion and its surroundings, than many are 
aware of. We believe it is an infallible index to the natural 
character of a people, whether civilized or otherwise. One god 
they represented as the god of greatness. He took delight in 
all things honorable, especially when he heard that men and 
women were striving, by the force of their minds, to elevate 
themselves in scale of being- 

Notb. — We wi?h all those persons in the world, who^e souls and mind* are so con- 
tracted aud dwarfed,that we only know they nave any is by their manifestation of euvy,the 
means of vices, would take particular notice of what Ovi .1 says about envy when we 
upeak of that vice defied by the Romans and Greeks, and ihen let them follow the ex- 
ample of this heathen god alluded to above. 

We will now allude to the Mythology of the Greeks, Romans, 
and Egyptians. The latter had not so many gods and god- 
desses, in the human form, as the former, still they had two 
conspicuous ones, Osiris and Isis. They occupied a magnifi- 
cent palace, a thing not mentioned in the Mythology of the 
people of the north, and in that temple they had all the 
•surroundings of Oriental life. In it they presided as the chiefs 
.and heads 'of those persons who were worthy to enter. — 
Pythagoras, who was a celebrated Greek philosopher, and 
lived about 500 years, before Christ, one who would not allow 
his pupils to eat meat, and had traveled all over the known 
world, he went through the ordeals of all the then existing 
Orders. He even traveled to Briton and learned the secrets -of 
the Druids. He remarks, that none but the good, true, and 
brave, could possibly go through the Egyptian ordeals before 
they reached the temple in which resided the great god and 
goddess, Osiris and Isis. The Greeks and Romans had gods 
and goddesses for everything connected with human life, from 
the time of birth till death. It will be observed what beautiful 
forms and surroundings they associate with Truth, Justice, and 
all the other virtues, and what horrible forms and surroundings 
i-i correspondence with envy, fraud, and all the vices. They 
had five celestial gods and goddesses, and as many terrestial. 
Tbe celestial were the. gods Jupiter, Apollo, Mercury, Bacchus, 



37 

and Mars ; the goddesses Juno, Minerva, Venus, Latona, and 
Aurora. The terrestial were Saturn, Janus. Vulcan. Eolus, 
and Momus, and the goddesses were Ceres, Cybele Vata. find 
others. The most beautiful morals are connected with ihoW 
Mythology. Wo will publish their Muses and Vices and 
Virtues of Man Deified, and let the reader decide which p^plo 
arc superior by nature. 



PALLAS THE SYMBOL OF WISDOM AND CHASTITY. 

By this story of Minerva, the poets intended to represent wisdom; 
that is, true and skillful knowledge, joined with discreet and prudent 
manners. They hereby signified, also the understanding of the noblest 
arts, and the accomplishments of the mind ; the virtues, as epecially 
chastity. Nor, indeed, without reason, for, 

1 Minerva is said to be born out of Jupiter's brain 5 because the wit 
and ingenuity of man did not invent the useful sciences, which for the 
good of man were derived from the brain of Jupiter ; that is, from the 
inexhausted fountain of Divine Wisdom, whence not only the arts and 
sciences, but the blessings of wisdom and virtue also proceed. 

2. Pallas was born armed ; because, a wise man's soul being fortified 
with wisdoui and virtue, is invincible ; he is prepared and armed against 
fortune ; in dangers he is intrepid, in crosses unbroken, in calamities 
impregnable. Thus, though the image of Jupiter sweats in foul weather, 
yet as Jupiter himself, is dry and unconcerned with it, so a wise man's 
mind is hardened against all the assaults that fortune can u.ake upon 
his body. 

3. Minerva is a virgin, as all the muses are; and accordingly the 
sight of God is promised to pure and undented eyes : for even the 
Heathens thought that chaste eyes could see God; an 1 Wisdom and 
Modesty have often appeared in the visions of holy men, in the form 
and habit of virgins. 

4. Minerva has a severe look, and stern countenance; because a 
wise and modest mind gains not its reputation and esteem from outward 
beauty and finery, but from inward honor and virtue: for wisdom joined 
with modesty, though clothed with rags, will send forth a glorious 
shining luster; she has as much be;iuty in tattered garments, as when 
she is clothed with purple, and as much majesty when she sits on a 
dunghill, as when she is placed on a throne; &he is as beautiful and 
charming when joined to the infirmities and decays of old age, as when 
she is united to the vigor and comeliness of youth. 

5. She invented and exercised the art of spinning; and hence other 
virgins may learn, if they would preserve their chastity, never to 
indulge idleness, but to employ themselves continually in some sort of 
work; as the example of Lucretia, a noble Roman princess, who was 
found late at night spinning i.mong her maids, working and sitting in 
the middle of the room, when the young gentlemen came hither irom 
the king. 

6. As the spindle and the distaff were the invention of Minerva, so 
they are the arms of every virtuous wooian. When she is furnished 



38 

with these, she will despise the enemy of her honor, and drive away 
Cupid from her with great ease; for which reason those instruments 
were formerly carried before the bride when she W;is brought to her 
husband's house; and somewhere it is n custom at the funeral of 
women, to throw the distaff and spindle into the .rave with them. 

7. As soon as Tiresias had seen .Minerva naked, he lost his sight ; 
was it for a punishment, or for a reward ? Surely he never saw things 
so acutely before; for then he became a prophet, and knew future 
things long before they were acted. Which is an excellent precept to 
us, that he who has once beheld the beauty of true wisdom clearly, may, 
without repining, lose his bodily sight, and want the view of corporal 
things, since he beholds the things that are to come, and enjoys the 
contemplation of eternal heavenly things, which are not visible to the 
eye. 

8. An owl, a bird seeing in the dark, was sacred to Minerva, and 
painted upon her images, which is the representation of u wise man, 
who, scattering and dispelling the clouds of ignorance and error, is 
clear sighted where ot >ers are stark blind. 

9. What can the Palladium mean, an image which gave security to 
those cities in which it was placed, unless that those kingdoms flourish 
and prosper where wisdom presides ? It is supposed to have fallen 
down from heaven, that we may understand — what we find confirmed 
by the Scripture — that every good and perfect gift comes from above, 
and descends from the Father of Lights. 

To this I add the inscription which was formerly to be seen in the 
temples of Minerva, written in golden letters, among the Egyptians. 
"lam what is, what shall be, what hath been: my veil hath been 
unveiled by none : The fruit which I have brought forth is this the 
Sun is born." Which are words, as I think, full of mysteries, and 
contain a great deal of sense. Let every one interpret them according 
to his mind. 



THE MUSES— THEIR IMAGE. 

P. O what beauty, what sweetness, what elegance is here ! 

Mi You mean in those nine virgins, who are crowned with palms ; do 
you not? 

P. Certainly. How pleasantly and kindly they smile ! How decent 
and becoming is their dress ! How handsomely do they sit together in 
the shade of that laurel arbor! How skillfully some of them play on 
the harp, some upon the cithern, some upon the pipe, some upon the 
cymbal, and some harmoniously sing and play at once! Methinke I 
hear them with united minds, voices, and hands, make an agreeable 
concord arise from their different instruments, governing their several 
voices in such a manner, that they make the most noble harmony, whose 
pleasing charms, entering into my ears, ravish my mind with pleasure. 

M. They are the Muses; the mistresses of all the sciences, the 
presidents of the Musicians and Poets, ani the governors of the feasts 
and solemnities of the gods. 

THE PROPER NAMES OF THE MUSES. 

P. What was the proper name of each of the Muses ? 
M. They had each a name derived from some particular accomplish- 
ment of their minds or bodies. 

The first, Calliope, was so called from the sweetness of her voice ; 



39 

she presides over Rhetoric, and is esteemed the most excellent of all 

^ThT'econd Clio is so named froir glory. For she is the Historical 
MJ'e and takes her name frcm the famousness of the thmgs she 

0, Thl M^MriLnene. from the excellence of her song, and the 
JkX, she' Z££. when she sings. She is supposed to prcs.de over 

*"«&£! K^-fflS h™e Iron, the pleasure : she take, in 

Some call her Tibicina. because, according to them, she presides over 
the pipes: ahd some say logic was invented by her. 

lie ei .hth Polyhymnia, or Polymnia. or Polymneia, from hWWtt 

^emoTy^and^Xe'tbe invention of writing history »MittiM 

o her, which requires a good memory, It was owing to he th* be 

songsters add to the verses that they sing, hands •^^K^WmS 

.speak more than the tongue; an expressive silence, a language without 

fr& iicth uVfnln 11 wa^ca^ed either because she sings of divine 
things or because 1 rough her assistance, men are praised to the skies, 
T&Si!!T^pS^ they become conversant in the contempla- 
tion of celestial things. 



THEMIS, ASTRJEA, NEMESIS. 

r. These three goddesses, I see, contrive and consult together on 
affairs of great moment. , '.' " *\. a cn*«p 

A! I suppose so. for their business is almost the same; the same 
function is incumbent upon each of them. But, however let us 
inspect them all singly. rwiu»i nnd Terra 

Themis, the first of them, is the daughter of p^^^^n 
According to the signification of her name, her office is J tortwwt mar. 
kind to do things honest, just, and right. Therefore }™ *****£*". 
brought and placed before those who were about to speak to "JgQ 
that they might be admonished thereby to say ntfhW gin P«Wtcb«t 
what mU and righteous. goM say she spoke W*^ *$£ 
before Apollo-, though Homer says that she **™*Jf*t c ?%**% 
and ambrosia. There was another Themis, of whom Justice, La* ana 
Peace, are said to be born. Hesiod, by way of en ihence calls her 
Modes't, because she was ashamed to see anything that £■• done agWAf 
right and equity. Euseblus calls her Carmenta because brher T|rtJ 
and precepts, she directs every one to that which is rust ^^&$ 
means a different Carmenta from Roman Carmen a, who jas the : mother 
of Evander, otherwise called Themis Nicostrata, a PWW^W 
She was Worshipped by the Romans because she l>™&*'\™<*™££ m 
called Carmenta, either from the verse in which she u " e ^ h ; r h ^ ed gh C e 
tions, or from the madness which seemed to possess her Who* SM 
prophesied. To this lady an altar was dedicated near the gate 



40 

Carmentalis. by the Capitol, and a temple was built to her honor also 
upon this occasion When the senate forbade the married women the 
use of litters and sedans, they combined together, and resolve t that 
they wuld never bring children, unless their husbands rescinded that 
edict. They kept to this agreement with so much resolution, that the 
senate was obliged to change their sentence, and yield to the women's 
will, and allow them all sedans and chariots again. And when their 
wives conceived and brought forth fine children, they erected a temple 
in honor of Carmenta. 

Astnea, the daughter of Aurora and Astneus the Titan, (or a* 
others rather say, the daughter of Jupiter and ! hemis) was esteemed 
the Princess of Justice. The poets feign that in the Golden Age she 
descended from heaven to the earth, and being offen 'ed at last by the 
wickedness of mankind, she returned to heaven again, after all the 
other gods had gone before her. She is many times called by the 
name of Justitia, as particularly by Virgil. And when she had returned 
to heaven again, she was placed where we now see the constellation 
Yirgo. 

The parents of Nemesis were Jupiter and Necessity, or, according to 
others, Nox and Oceanus. She was the goddess that rewarded virtue, 
and punished vice, and she taught men their duty so that she received 
her name from tb.3 distribution that she made to everybody. 



ULYSSES AND PENELOPE. 

Penelope, the daughter of Icarus, was a rare and perfect example of 
chastity. For though it was thought that her husband, Ulysses, was 
dead, since he had been absent from her twenty years, yet, neither the 
desires of her parents, nor the solicitations of her lovers, conld prevail 
with her to marry another man, and to violate the promises of constancy 
which she gave to her husband when he departed. For when many 
noblemen courted her, and even threatened her with ruin unless she 
declared which of them should marry her, she desired that the choice 
might be deferred till she had finished that needle-work about which 
she was then employed, but by undoing by night what she had worked 
by day, she delayed them till Ulysses returned and k.lled then: all. 
Hence came the proverb, u To weave Penelope's web," that is to labor 
in vain; when one hand destroys what the other has wrought. 



THE VIRTUES AND VICES WHICH HAVE BEEN DEIFIED. 

OF THE GODDESSES THAT MAKE THE GODS. 

Those goddesses — whose images are small, and all painted in one 
picture — are the Virtues; by whose favor not only the JDii Adscriptitii. 
but all the other gods beside, were advanced to heaven and honored 
with the utmost veneration. You see some Vices among them — for they 
had altars dedicated to them too — which, like shades, increase the 
luster of the Virtues, whose brightness is doubled by the reflection of 
colors. To both of them there are adjoining some gods, either favoring 
or opposing them. I shall say something, briefly, according to my 
design,, of them. 

THE VIRTUES AND GOOD DEITIES. 

The ancients not only worshipped the several species of virtues, but 



41 

also Virtue herself, as a gp.UeiS. Therefore, first of her, and then of 
the others. 

VIRTUE AND HONOR. 

Virtue derives her name from vir, because virtue is the most mxnly 
ornament. She was esteemed a goddess, and worshipped in the habit 
of an elderly matron sitting upon a stone. M. Mircellus dedicated a 
temple to her, and hard by placed another, that was dedicated to 
Honor. The temple of Virtue was the passage to the temple of Honor, 
by which was signified, by virtue alone, true honor is attained. The 
priests sacrificed to honor with bire heads, and we usually uncover our 
neads when we see honorable and worthy men; and since honor itself is 
valuable and estimable, it is no wonder if such respect is shown in 
celebrating its sacrifices. 



Fides had a temple at Rome, near the Capitol, which Numa Pompil- 
lius (as it is said) first consecrated to her. Her sacrifices were 
performed without slaughter or blood spilt* The heads and hands of 
the prie-sts were covered with a white cloth when they sacrificed, 
because Faith ought to be close and secret. Virgil calls her Cana Fides, 
either from the cindor of the mind, whence fidelity proceeds, or because 
faith is chiefly observed by aged persons. Tho symbol of this goddess 
was a white dog, which is a faithful creature. Another symbol of her 
was two hands joined, or two young ladies shaking hands: for by their 
right hand, they engaged their faith for their future friendship- 



Hope had a temple at Rome, in the herb market, which was 
unfortunately burnt down with lightning. Giraldus says that he has 
seen her effigies in a golden coin of the Emperor Adrian. She was 
described in the form of a woman standing; her left hand lightly held 
up the skirts of her garments, she leaned on her elbow, and in her 
right hand held a plate, on which was placed a ciberium (a sort of cup) 
fashioned to the likeness of a flower, with this inscription, SPES, P. R. 
The Hope of the People of Rome. 



Justice was described like a virgin, with a piercing, steadfast eye, a 
severe brow, her aspect awful, noble, and venerable. Alexander says, 
that among the Egyptians she had no head, and that her left hand was 
stretched forth and open. The Greeks call her Asftrraa. 



Attilius, the duumvir, dedicated a chapel to piety at Rome^ in the 
place where that woman lived, who fed her mother in prison with' the 
milk of her breasts. The story is this: The mother was punished 
with imprisonment, and her daughter, who was an ordinary woman, 
then gave suck. She crane to the prison frequently, and the goaler 
always searched her, to see that she carried no foot! to her mother. At 
last she was found giving suck to her mother with her breasts. This 
extraordinary piety of the daughter gained the mother's freedom, and 
they were both, afterwards, maintained at the public charge, while 
they lived, and the place was consecrated to the goddess Piety. There 
is a like example in the Grecian history, of a woman, who by ker 
6 



42 

breasts nourished Cymon, her aged father, who was imprisoned, and 
supported him. with her own. milk. 



The Athenians erected an altar to MXsericordia, Mercy, where was 
first established an asylum, a place of common refuge to the' miserable 
and unfortunate. It was not lawful to force any the'nce. When 
Hercules died, his kindred feared some mischief from those whom he 
had afflicted; therefore they erected an asylum, or temple of mercy at 
Athens-. 

CLEMENCY. 

Nothing memorable occurs concerning the goddess Clemency, unless 
that there was a temple erected to dementia Cajsaris, The Clemency of 
Cassar, as we read in Plutarch. 

CHASTITY. 

Two temples at Rome were dedicated to Chastity, the one to 
Pudicitia Patritia. which stood iri the ox market, the other to Pudiclta 
Plebeia, built by Virginia, the daughter of Aulus. for when she, who was 
born of a patrician family, had married a plebeian, the noble ladies 
were mightily incensed, and banished her from their sacrifices, and 
would not suiter her to enter into the temple of Paudicif ia, into which 
scantorian families only were permitted entrance. A quarrel arose 
upon this among the women, and a great breach was made between 
them. This induced Virginia, by some extraordinary action, to blot out 
the disgrace she had received, and, therefore, she built a chapel in the 
long street where she lived, and adorned it with an altar, to which she 
invited the plebeian matrons, and complaining to them that the ladies 
of quality had used her so barbarously. "I dedicate," says she, 
"this altar to Pudicitia Plebeia, and I desire of you that you will as 
much adore Chastity, as men do Honor; that this altar may be followed 
by purer and more chaste votaries than the altar of Pudicitia Patricia, 
if it be possible." Both these attars were reverenced almost with the 
same rites, and no matron, but of approved chastity, and who had been 
married but once, had leave to sacrifice there. It is likewise said in 
history, that the women, who are contented with one marriage, were 
usually rewarded with a crown of chastity. 



Truth, the mother of Virtue, is painted in garments as white as 
snow ; her looks are serene, pleasant, courteous, cheerful, and yet 
modest ; she is the pledge of all honesty, the bulwark of honor, the 
light and joy of human society. She is commonly accounted the 
daughter of Time, or Saturn, because truth is discovered in the course 
of time, but Democritus feigns that she lies hid in the bottom of a well. 

THE VICES AND EVIL DEITIES. 

I call those Evil Deities which oppose our happiness, and many times 
do us mischief. And first, of the Vices, to whieh temples have been 
consecrated. 

ENVY. 

That Envy is a goddess, appears by the confession of Pallas, who 



43 

owns that she was assisted by her. to infect a young lady,^ called 
Aglauros, with her poison. Ovid decribes the house where she lives, in 
elegant verse, and afterwards gives a most beautiful description of £»vy 
herself. 

Protinus Invidise nigro squalentia tabo 
Tecta petit. Domus est imis in vallibus antri 
Abdita sole, carens, nee ulli pervia vonto 5 
Tristis, et ignavi plenissima frigoris; et qua? 
Igne vacet semper, caligine semper abundet. 
Then straight to Envy's cell she bends her way. 
Which all with putrid gore infected lay. 
Deep in a gloomy cave's obscure recess, 
No beams could e'er that horrid mansion bless j 
No breeze e'er fann'd it ; but about it roll ; d 
Eternal Woes, and ever lazv cold ; 
No spark shone there, but everlasting gloom, 
Impenetrable dark obscur'd the room. 

f Pallor in ore sedet j maciesin corpore toto 5 
Nusquam recta acies 5 livent rubigine dentes ;' 
Pectora felle vivent ; lingua est suffusa veneno > 
Risus abest, nisi quern visi movere dolores. 
Nee fruitur somno, vigilantibus excita curis; 
Sed videt ingratos, intabescitque videndo, 
Successus hominum : carpitque, et carpitur una 5 
guppliciumque suusa est. 

A deadly paleness in her cheeks were seen 5 

Her meagre skeleton scarce cas'd with skin j 

Her looks awry ; an everlasting scowl 

Sits on her brows ; her teeth deform' d and foul ; 

Her breast had gall more than her breast could hold j 

Beneath her tongue black coats cf poison roll'd ; 

No smiles e'er smooth'd her furrow'd brows, but those 

Which rise from common mischiefs, plagues, and woes ; 

Her eyes, mere strangers to the sweets of sleep, 

Devouring spite for ever waking keep ; 

She sees bless'd men with vast successes crown'd ; 

Their joys distract her, and their glories wound ; 

She kills abroad, herself consumed at home, 

And her own crimes are her perpetual martyrdom. 

CONTUMELY AND IMPUDENCE. 

The Vices Contumely and Impudence, were both adored as deities by 
the Athenians; and particularly, it is said, they were represented by a 
partridge, which is esteemed a very impudent bird. 

CALUBINY. 

The Athenians erected an altar to Calumny. Apelles painted her 
thus : There sits a man with great and open ears, inviting Calumny, 
with his hand held out, to come to him; and two women, Ignorance and 
Suspicion, stand near him. Calumny breaks out in fury 5 her counte- 
nance is comely and beautiful, her eyes sparkle like fire, and her face 
is inflamed with anger ; she holds a lighted torch in her left hand, and 
with her right twists a young man's neck, who holds up his hands in 



44 

prayer to the godi. Before her goes Envy, pale and nasty, and on her 
side are Fraud nnd Conspiracy ; behind her follows Repentance, clad in 
mourning and her clothes torn, with her head turned backward, as if 
she looked for Truth, who conies slowly after, 



Fraud -was described with a human face, and with a serpent's body. 
In the end of her tail was a scorpion's sting, and she swims through 
the river Cocytus, but nothing appears above water but her head. 



Petronious Arbiter, where he treats of the civil war between Pompey 
and Caesar, has a beautiful description of the goddess Discordia. 

Intremuere tubse, ac scisso Discordia crine 
Extulit ad superos Stygium caput. Hujus in ore 
Concretus sanguis, contusaque lumina ilebant : 
Stabant serata scabra rubigine dentes : 
Tabo lingua fiuens, obsessa draconibus ora : 
Atque inter toto laceratam pectore vestem, 
Sanguineam tremula quatiebat lanipada dextra. 

The trumpets sound and with a dismal yell 

Wild discord rises from the vale of hell. 

From her swelled eyes there ran a briny Hood, 

And clotted gore upon her visage stood ; 

Around her head serpentine elf-locks hung, 

And streams of blood flow'd from her sable tongue ; 

Her tatter'd clothes her yellow skin betray, 

(An emblem of the breast on which they lay,) 

And brandish" d flames her trembling hand obey. 



Fury is described, sometimes chained, sometimes raging and revelling, 
with her chains broke, but Virgil chooses to describe her bound in 
chains, although Petronius describes her at liberty, unbound. 

•Furor impius intus 



Sasva sedens super anna, et centum vinctus ahenis 
Pest terguni nodis, fremit horridus ore cruento. 

-Within sits impious war 



On cursed arms, bound with a thousand chains, 
And, horrid with a bloody mouth, complains. 



Furor abruptis, ceu liber, habenis 

Sanguineum late tollit caput; ora que mille. 
Yuineribus confessa cruenta casside velat. 
Ha>ret detritus lrevse Mavortius umbo. 
Innumerabilibus telis gravis, atque flagranti 
Stipete dextra minax terris incendia portat, 

Disorder'd Page, from brazen fetters freed. 
Descends to earth with an impetuous speed; 
Her wounded face a.bloody helmit hides, 



45 



And her left arm a batter'd target guides ; 
Red brands of fire supported in her right, 
The impious world with flames and ruin fright. 



Pausanias and Plutarch say that there were temples dedicated to 
Fame. She is finely and delicately described by Virgil, which descrip- 
tion I will subjoin for it deserves not only to be remembered, but 
transcribed into all books as there is occasion. 

Fama, malum quo non aliud velocius ullum, 

Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo ; 

Parva meta primo ; mox sese attollit in auras, 

Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit. 

Illam terra parens, ira irratata Deorum, 

Extreman (ut perhibent) Coeo Enccladoque sororem 

Progenuit ; pcdibus celerem et j ernicibusalis ; 

Monstrum horrendum, ingen, cui quotsunt corpore plume, 

Tot vigiles oculi subter (mirabide dictu) 

Tot linguae, totidem ora sovant, tot subrigit aures. 

Nocte colat coeli medio terraeque per umbrom 

Stridens. nee dulci declinat lumina somno. 

Luce sedit custos, aut summi culmine tecti, 

Turribus aut altis, et magnas territat urbes : 

Tarn ficti pravique tenax, quam nuncia veri. 

Fame the great ill, from small beginnings grows, 

Swift from the first, and every moment brings 

New vigor to her flights, new pinions to her wings, 

Soon grows the pigmy to gigantic size, 

Her feet on earth, her forehead in the skies; 

Enraged against the gods, revengeful earth 

Produc'd her last of the titanian birth, 

Swift is her walk, more swift her winged haste, 

A monstrous phantom, horrible and vast : 

As many plumes as raise her lofty flight, 

So many piercing eyes enlarge her sight ; 

Millions of op'ning mouths to fame belong 

And every mouth is furnished with a tongue ; 

And round with listening ears the flying plague is hung. 

She fills the peaceful universe with cries ; 

No slumbers ever close her wakeful eyes ; 

By day from lofty tow'rs her head she shows, 

And spreads thro' trembling crowds disastrous news. 

With court-informers haunts, and royal spies, 

Things done relates, not done she feigns, and mingles truth with 

Talk is her business, and her chief delight (lies; 

To tell of prodigies, and cause affright. 

FORTUNE. 

Why was fortune made a goddess, says St. Augustin, since she comes 
to the good and bad without any judgment ? She is so blind, that 
without distinction, she runs to anybody, and many times she passes by 
those that admire her, and sticks to those who despise her. So that 
Juvenal had reason to speak in the manner he does of her. Yet the 



40 



temples that have been consecrated to her, and the names that she has 
had, are innumerable. The chief of them I will point out to you. 

She wes styled Aurea. or Regia Fovtuna, and an image of her. so 
called, was usually kept in the emperor's chamber, and when one died, 
it was removed to the palace of his successor. She was worshipped in 
the Capitol under the title of Bona, and in the Esquilia, under the title 
; I of Mala. 



: 



Nullum numen ;ibe.st si sit prudentia ; sed te 
Nos facimus, Fertuna. Deam, cneloque locamus. 

Fortune is never worshipped by the wise; 
But she, by fools set up, usurps the skies. 



According to Keating's History, Ireland was first governed 
by kings, 1300 years before Christ, and the number who 
reigned up to the birth of out blessed Savior, was ninety-two ; 
to iSt. Patrick, thirty ; to Henry II, sixty-four; — making in 
all, 186 kings, who ruled Ireland before it cime under the 
tyrannical rule of England ; and what is most singular, is the 
fact, that the only Englishman who ever became Pope, bestowed 
that country upon Henry II, ot England. The Pope was 
Adrien IV. To show the rapid spread of Christianity, we find 
that from the 61st year of the age of St. Patrick, — when Pope 
Celestinein the year 431, and the 4th year of the reign of King 
Laegari, Ard. High., ^ent him to Ireland, — that before he died, 
in the year 492, making his age 122 years, he had established 
355 churches, and consecrated as many bishops, and ordained 
3000 priests. During the reign of King Concorban Ard. 
Righ., which lasted from 827 to 839, we find, notwithstand- 
ing the piratical invasions of the Danes and Norwegians, four 
colleges of note, and many of less character, were established 
in Ireland. One of these had as many as 7000 students, more 
than one thousand years ago. After mentioning the oppressive 
cruelties of the tyranny of Turgesius, A. D. £30, to A. D. 843, 
we will take up some of the innumerable battles fought between 
the Irish and their invaders, during a period of GOO years from 
the 12th century to the 18th. 

Turgesius, the Norse tyrant, with his armies of the men of 
Finn-Lochlainn, held supreme power in Ireland for thirteen 
years, after he had previously been the scourge, of that country 
for seventeen years; for during that length of time he had been 
exercising violence and rapine upon its inhabitants. This he 
was enabled to effect by the arrival of a large fleet, which had 
arrived from Norwegia to his assistance, and which had come 
into port in the north of Ireland. By this fleet the country was 
devastated, and forced to deliver up hostages. 



47 

There were many battles between the piratical invaders and 
the Irish ; but, by the greatness of their fleet, and the numer- 
ous hr<sts they brought over from Nofwegia and other countries of 
the north of Europe, thoy at last reduced them to serfdom and 
bondage. We will give an abridged account of the subjection 
of the Irish to the northern pirates, and to prove the verifica- 
tion of the predictions of one of the prophets of Ireland, w-3 
will Subjoin the verses : 

"Then heathens shall coJie over ocean's' wide wa.) e. 
By whom shall confusion be brougtit on the Gaeii, 
Anl of their race an abbot shall rule in each church, 
And of ther race a king over Kri shall reiim.' ! 

The invaders placed a king over every canton in Ireland, 
a chieftain over every territory, an abbot over every church, 
and a steward over every homestead The man of the house 
was not allowed anything, not even milk for the infant. Until 
the steward was provided for first ; and besides this, if they 
did not provide one ou:re of gold for each one of the northern 
oppressors, in a year, they had their nose cut off their face. — 
Then no lord or lady of the Irish was allowed to wear any 
mantles or garments, except the cast off clothes of the nor- 
thern invaders. It was not allowed to give instruction iii let- 
ters nor to live in religious Communities, for the Lochlannaigh 
dwelt in the temples, and in the duns ; no scholars, no clerics, 
no books, no holy relics were left in church or monastery 
through dread of them ; neither bard, nor philosopher, nor mu- 
sicians pursued their wonted pofessions in the land ; no daugh- 
ter of king, or lord, or chieftain was allowed to wear either silk 
dresses or precious ornaments ; no son of king, or of lord, was 
allowed to receive instructions in feats of agility, in shooting, or 
in any martial exercise. No banquet of feast was allowed to 
be enjoyed amongst friends until the tyrants had first satisfied 
themselves thereof. 

The result of the heavy oppression of this thraldom of the 
Gaels under the Lochlannaigh was. that great weariness thereof 
came upon the men of Ireland, and the few of the clergy that 
survived, had fled for safety to the forests and wildernesses, 
where they lived in misery, but passed their time piously and 
devoutly. And now these same clergy prayed fervently to God 
to deliver them from that tyranny of Turgesius. and, moreover, 
they fasted against that tyrant, and they commanded every lay- 
man amongst the faithful that still remained obedient to their 
voice to fast against him likewise. And God then heard their 
supplications in as far as the delivering up of Turgesius into 
the hands of the Gaels. 



48 

THE BATTLE OF CREDRAN. 

1257. 

A brilliant battle was fought by Geoffrey O'Donnell, Lord of Tircon- 
nell. against the Lord Justice of Ireland, Maurice Fitzgerald, and the 
English of Cannaught, at Credan Cille, Roseede, in the territory of 
Carburry, north of Sligo, in defence of his principality. A fierce and 
terrible conflict took place. in which bodies were hacked. heroes disabled, 
and the stiength of both sides exhausted. The men of Tirconnell 
maintained their ground, and completely overthrew the English forces 
in the engagement, and defeated them with great slaughter ; but 
Geoffrey himself was severely wounded, having encountered in the fight 
Maurice Fitzgerald, in single combat, in which they mortally wounded 
each other. 



THE BATTLE OF ARDNOCHE'R. 
1328. 

A. D. 1328. MacGeoghegan gave a great overthrow to the English, in 
which three thousand five hundred of them, together wfth the D' Altons, 
were slain. Tliis battle, in which the English met such tremendous 
defeat, was fought nea^ Mullingar, on the day before the feast of St. 
Laurence, namely, the ninth of August. The Irish clans were com- 
manded by William MacGeoghegan, Lord of Kenil Feacha, in West- 
meath, comprising the present baronies of Moycashel an 1 Rathconrath. 
The English forces were commanded by Lord Thomas Butler, the Petits, 
Tuites, Nangles, Delemers, &c. The battle took place at the Hill of 
' Ardnocher. 

i 



DEATH OF ART MACMURROGH. 
1416. 

Art M'Murrogh died at Ross in 1415, after having reigned over 
Leinster for forty years. He was the greatest Irish soldier of his age, 
and the first, perhaps, that overreached the Normans by tactics ancT 
strategy. His campaigns against Roger Mortimer, Richard II., the 
Earl of Ormond.Sir John Stanley, and Sir Stephen Scroope, Lord 
Thomas of Lancaster, and the first Earl of Shrewsbui-y, the ''British 
Achilles," have yet to claim the pen of an historian. He took Ross,- 
Carlow. EnniscoJthy, and other fortified places from the English, exacted 
an annual tribute of eighty, marks, which was paid to his descendants 
until after the year 1603 ; and during his life cost the English treasury, 
according to the statements of their own chronicler about 1,200,000 
marks. He is spoken of by Caxton, Marlburgh, and Hollinshed, as 
"the chief captain of his nation," — ' : the canker that lay in the heart 
of Leinster," — u M'Murrogh, at whose mighty prowess all Leinster 
trembled," and in the like phrases. Valor and virtue sustained him 
through many trials, and victory shone like a sun round his old age. 



THE RATH OF MULLAGH.MMAST. 
In the year 1577, the English published a proclamotion, inviting the 



49 

well affected Irish to an interview on the Rathmore of Mullaghmast, in 
the King's County. A safe conduct was given to those who accepted 
th- invitation to return as they came — for good and not evil was intended 
towards them. Some hundreds of the most peaceable and well-affected 
came, and they were hardly assembled when they found themselves 
surrounded by three or four lines of English horse and foot, completely 
accoutred, by whom they were treacherously attacked and cut to^ pieces, 
not a single man escaped. Speakinj of this massacre. Captain Lee, 
in his Memorial to Queen Elizabeth, says : u They have drawn unto 
them by protection three or four hundred of these country people, under 
color to do your Majesty Service, and brought them to a place of meet- 
ing, where your garrison soldiers were appointed to be, who have 
there most dishonorably put them all to the sword; and this hath been 
by the consent and practice of the Lord Deputy for the time being." 
The old Saxons served some of the ancient Britons in the same manner. 
They invited them to partake of their hospitality, and, seated, one 
between each of the Saxons, at a given sign they each murdered a 
Briton. One escaped, and before they captured him, he slew fifty 
Saxons with a bar of iron. 



TYRRELL'S PASS. 

1597. 

In the valuable notes to the Annals of the Four Masters, the following 
account of the battle of Tyrrell's pass is given at page 621 : "The Cap- 
tain Tyrrell mentioned in the Annals, was Richard Tyrrell, a gentle- 
man of the Anglo-Norman family of the Tyrrells, Lords of Fertullagh, 
in Westmeath He was one of the most valiant and celebrated com- 
mander 8 of the Irish in the war against Elizabeth, and during a period 
of twelve years, had many conflicts with the English forces in various 
parts of Ireland. He was particularly famous for bold and hazardous 
exploits, and rapid expeditions. Copious accounts are given of him by 
Fynes Morrison, MacGeoghegan, and others. After the reduction of 
Ireland he retired to Spain. The battle of Tyrrell's Pass is described 
by MacGeoghegan, and mentioned bv Leland, and other historians. It 
was fought in the summer of 1597, at a plaoe afterwards called Tyrrell's 
Pass, now the name of a town in the Barony of Fertullagh, in West- 
meath. When Hugh O'Neill. Earl of Tyrone, heard that the English 
forces were preparing to advance into Ulster, under the Lord Deputy 
Burrough, he detached Captain Tyrrell, at the head of 400 chosen men, 
to act in Meath and Leinster, and by thus engaging the English forces, 
to cause a diversion, and prevent their joining the Lord Deputy, or 
co-operate with Sir Conyers Clifford. The Anglo-Irish of Meath, to the 
number of 1000 men, assembled under the banner of Barnwell, Baron 
of Trimleston, intending to proceed and join the Lord Deputy. Tyrrell 
was encamped with his small force in Fertullagh. and was joined by 
young O'Connor Faily of the Kings County. The Baron of Trimleston, 
having heard where Tyrrell was posted, formed a project of taking him 
by surprise, and, for that purpose, despatched his son at the head of 
the assembled troops. Tyrrell having received information of their 
advance, immediately put himself in a posture of defence, and making 
feint of flying before them as they advanced, drew them into a defile 
covered with trees, which place has since been called Tyrrell's pass, 
and having detached half of his men, under the command of O'Conor, 
they were posted in ambush, in a hollow adjoining the road. When the 

7 



50 

English "were passing, O'Connor and his men sallied out from their 
ambuscade, and with their fifes and drums, played Tyrrell's march, 
which was the signal agreed upon for the attack. Tyrrell then rushed 
out on them in front, and the English being thus hemmed in on both 
sides, were cut to peices, the cam see being so great that out of their 
entire force only one soldier escaped, and, having fled through a marsh, 
carried the news to Mullingar. O'Connor displayed amazing valor, and 
being a Man of great strength and activity, hewed down many of their 
men with his own hand: while the heroic Tyrrell, at the head of his 
men, repeatedly rushed into the thick of the battle. Young Barnwell 
being taken prisoner.his life was spared, but he was delivered to O'Neill. 
A curious cireimistance is mentioned by MacGeoghegan, that from the 
heat and excessive action of the sword-arm. the hand of O'Connor 
became so swelled that it could not be extricated from the guard of his 
sabre until the handle was cut through with a file." 



RORY O'MOORE. 

Roger, or Rory O'Moore. is one of the most honored and stainless 
names in Irish history. Writers, who concur in nothing else, agree in 
representing him as a man of tho loftiest motives and the most passion- 
ate patriotism, In 1640, when Ireland was weakened by defeat and 
confiscation, and guarded with a jealous care, constantly increasing in 
strictness and severity, 0'. Moore, then a private gentleman, conceived 
the vast design of rescuing her from England, and accomplished it- In 
three years England did not retain a city in the Island but Dublin and 
Drogheda. For, e ght years her power was barely nominal; the land 
was possessed and the supreme authority exercised by th* Confederation 
created by O'Moore. History contains no stricter instance of the 
influence of an individual mind". Before the insurrection broke out,the 
people had learned to know and expect their Deliverer, and it became a 
popular proverb and the burden of national songs, that the hope of 
Ireland was in '-God, the Virgin, and Rory O'Moore. It is remarkabe 
that O'Moore, in whose courage and resources this, great insurrection 
had its birth, was a descendant of the chief; ains of Leix massacred by 
English troops at Mullaghmast, a century before. But if he took a 
great revenge, it was a magnanimous one; none of the excesses which 
stained the first rising in Ulster are charged upon him. On the contrary, 
when he joined the Northern Army, the excesses ceastd, and strict 
discipline was established, as far as it was possible, among men 
unaccustomed to control, and wild with wrongs and sufferings. 



THE BATTLE OF BENBURB. 



1646. 
About the end of May, 1646, Owen Roe O'Neill, at the head of five 
thousand foot and five hundred horse, approached Armagh. Monroe 
who was then stationed within ten n iles of the city, marched thither on 
the 4th of June, ai midnight, with eight hundred horse and six thous- 
and foot Meanwhile, O'Neill, aware of his advance, had encamped 
his tro ps at Benburb, between two hills. The rear of his army was 
protected by a wood, and the right by the river Blackwater. Here 
Monroe determined to attack him and for this purpose, marched thither 
on the 5th of June, at the head of his troops. He ordered his brother, 



51 

George Monroe, to proceed expeditiously with h.s corps from Coleraine, 
and to join him at Glasslough or Benburb. O'Neill, aware of this 
movement, had despatched Colonel Bernard M'Mahon and Patrick Mac 
Neny, with thoir regiments, to prevent this force from joining with 
Monroe. Monroe himself had passed the river, at a ford near Kinard 
(now Caledon) and marched towards Benburb. As he advanced, he 
was met by Color.el Richard O'Farrell, who occupied a strait through 
which it was necessary for him to pass, but the fire of his cannon com- 
pelled this commander, after a short rencoir. re, to retreat. And now 
the two armies met in order of battle. The Wary O'Neill amused his 
enemy, during several hours, with various manoeuvres and trifling 
skirmishes, until the sun, which at first had been favorable to the Scots, 
began to descend in the rear of the Irish troops, and shed a dazzling 
glare on their enemies. The detachment which O'Neill had sent 
against George Monroe was seen returning towards the hostile armies. 
The Scottish general at first imagined that this was the expected 
reinforcement from Coleraine, but when he perceived his error, he pre- 
pared instantly to retreat. O'Neill, however, seized the oppcrtunity, 
with the promptitude of an experienced commander, and charged the 
Scots and British with the most determined v.Jcr. The gallant Lord 
Blaney, at the head of an English regi ent, made a noble defence. — 
He fell, combating with the most undaunted resolution, and his men 
maintained their ground till they were hewn to pieces, fighting around 
their beloved commander. Meanwhile, the Scottish cavalry was broken 
by O'Neill's horse, and a general rout ensued. One regiment, indeed, 
commanded by Colonel Montgomery, retreated with some regularity, 
but the rest of the British troops fled in total disor er. Lord Mont- 
gomery, twenty-one officers, and one hundred and fifty soldiers were 
taken prisoners ; three thousand two hundred and forty-three men were 
slain on the field of battle, and many perished the succeeding day in 
the rout. Monroe himself fled with the utmost precipitation, leaving 
his artillery, tents, and baggage, with the greater part of his arms, 
booty, and provisions to the enemy. Colonel Conway, accompanied bj 
Captain Burke, also escaped to Newry, after having two horses slain 
under him in his flight. The loss of O'Neill, in this decisive battle was 
only seventy men killed and two hundred wounded. 



BATTLE OF FONTENOY. 

1745. 

Upon the death of Charles VI., Emperor of Austria, in 1740, his 
daughter, Maria Theresa, discovered that the sovereigns of Europe, 
instead of being true to their oaths and to her. made immediate claims 
upon her territories, and prepared to enforce them by open hostilities. 
In a short time the question became a European quarrel, to be settled 
only by the doubtful issue of war. Louis XV. of France, and Frederick 
the Great opposed her, whilst England, Holland, Hungary, Bavaria, 
and Hanover, aided her in the protection of those rights, which had 
been guaranteed her. In the prosecution of this war, an army of 
79.000 men, commanded by Marshal Saxe, and encouraged by the 
presence of both King and Dauphin, laid siege to Tournay. early in 
May, 1745. The Duke of Cumberland advanced at the head of 55.000 
men, chiefly English and Dutch, to relieve the town. At the Duke's 
approach, Saxe and the King advanced a few miles from Tournay with 



45.000 men. leaving 18.000 to continue the siege, and 6,000 to guard 
the Beheld. Saxe posted his army along a range of slopes thus: his 
center was on the village of Fontenoy, his left stretched oft' through the 
■* Barri. his right reached to the town of St. Antoine. close to the 
-J . He Jortified his right and centre by the villages of Fontenoy 
and St. .Antoine, and redoubts near them. His extreme left was also 
strengthened by a redoubt in the wood of Barri, but his left center, 
between that wood and the village of Fontenoy, was not guarded by any 
thing save slight line. Cumberland had the Dutch, under Waldeck. on 
his left, and twice they attempted to carry .St. Antoine, but were repel- 
led with heavy loss. The same fate attended the English in the centre, 
who thrice forced their way to Fontenoy, but returned fewer and sadder 
men Ingoldsby wag then ordered to attack the wood of Barri with 
Cumberland 7 ! right. He did so. and broke into the wood, when the 
artillery of the redoubt suddenly opened upon him. which, assisted by 
a constant fire from the French tiraillieurs, (light infanty; drove him 
back . The Duke resolved to make one great and final effort. He 
selected his best regiments, veteran English corps, and formed them 
into a column of 6,000 men. At its head were six cannon: and as many 
mOM on the flanks, which did good service. Lord John Hay commanded 
this great mass. Everything being now ready, the column advanced 
slowly and evenly, as if on the parade ground. It mounted the slope 
of Saxe's position, and pressed on between the hill of Barri and the 
village of Fontenoy. In doing so. it was exposed to a cruel fire of 
artillery and sharp-shooters, but it stood the storm and got behind 
Fontenoy. The moment the object of the column was seen, the French 
troops were hurried in upon them. The cavalry charged, but the 
English hardly pause! to offer the raised bayonet, and then poured in 
a fatal fire. They disdained to rush at the picked infantry of France. 
On they went till within a short distance, and then threw in their 
balls with great precision, the officers actually laying their canes 
along the muskets, to make the men fire low. Mass after mass of 
infantry was broken, and on went the column, reduced, but still 
apparently invincible. Due Richelieu had our cannon hurried to the 
front, and he literally battered the head of the column, while the 
household cavalry surrounded them, and, in repeat' d charges, wore 
down their strength ; but these French were fearful sufferers. Louis 
was about to leave the field. At this juncture, Saxe ordered up his 
last reserve, the Irish Brigade. It consisted that day of the reigments 
Of Clart, Lally, Dillon, Berwick, Roth, and Buckley, with Fitzjames' 
horse. O'Brien, Lord Clare was in command. Aided by the French 
regimentf of Normandy and Vaisseany, they were ordered to charge 
upon (he flank of the English with fixed bayonets without firing. Upon 
the approach of this splendid body of men, the English were halted on 
the ifopt of a hill, and up that slope the brigade rushed rapidly and in 
fine order. " They were led to immediate acti n, and the stimulating 
cry of ' Cumhmgidh or Lmmneac ogus ar fheile na SacsanachJ [Remem- 
ber Limerick and British faith] was re-echoed from man to man. The 
fortune of the field was no longer doubtful, and victory the most decisive 
crowned the arms of France," The English were weary with a long 
days fighting, cut up by cannon, charge and musketry, and dispirited 
by the appearance or the Brigade — fresh, and consisting of young men 
In high spirits and discipline — still they gave their fire well and fatally, 
but they were literally stunned by the shout, and shattered by the 
Irish charge. They broke before the Irish bayonets and tumbled down 
the far side of the hill, disorganized, hopeless, and falling by hundreds. 



53 

The Irish troops did not pursue them far, but the French cavalry and 
light troops pressed on till the relics of the column were succored by 
some English cavalry, and got within the batteries of their camp. The 
victory was bloody and complete. Louis is said to hare ridden down to 
the Irish bivouac, and personally thanked them; and George II., on 
hearing it, uttered that memorable imprecation on the Penal Cede, 
11 Cursed be the laws which deprive me of such subjects. ? ' The one 
English volley, and the short struggle on the crest of the hill, cost the 
Irish dear One fourth of the officers, including Colonel Dillon, were 
killed, and one third of the men. The capture of Ghent, Bruges, 
Ostend, and Oudenarde, followed the victory of Fontenoy. 



We will now glance at the history of Scotland and its suc- 
cessions of Kings and Queens, and also England. Then we will 
close our remarks with Ireland from the beginning of this cen- 
tury until the present time. 

THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND, FROM THE TIME OF THE POSSESSION 
OF THE WESTERN PARTS BY THE SCOTS, OR IRISH, AND THE 
EASTERN PORTION BY THE PICKS. 

Kenneth II., king of the Scots, vanquished the Picks in the 
year 845, and united the country, and formed it into the one 
kingdom of Scotland. His successors were Donald V., Con- 
stantine, Ethus, Gregory, Donald VI., Constantine II., Maloolm 
L, Indulphus, Duffus, Culenas, Kenneth III , Constantine IV., 
G-rimus, Malcolm II , and Duncan. The last named monarch, 
was slain by Macbeth, who succeeded him in the year 1056, 
and retained the crown until Malcom III. avenged the murder 
of his father and ascended the throne in 1056. David I. came 
to the throne in 1124, and he fixed his residence at Edinburgh. 
William the Lion, came to the throne in 1165, and was suc- 
ceeded by Alexander II. in 1214. In 12b6, there were two 
claimants of the the throne — Robert Bruce and John Baliol. 
The latter obtained the crown through the influence of Edward 
I., of England, Baliol acknowledging himself a vassal of the En« 
glish king. A war between them soon followed. Baliol was de- 
feated, taken to London and executed. William Wallace, that 
noble minded and true hearted man then took the command of 
the Scots, but Edward defeated them in the battle of Falkirk, 
in the year 1298. In 1306, Robert Bruce, sun of the rival of 
Baliol, claimed the Scottish crown, and in the battle of Ban- 
nockburn, in the year 1314, totally defeated Edward and his 
powerful army. This victory secured the independence of Scot- 
land, and confirmed that brave, noble and good man Robert 
Bruce in possession of the throne. 

We will state, that this po m of Bruces', addressed to his 



54 

array, was composed by Barns while on horseback, one stormy 
night amid thunder and lightning, such as was seldom seen or 
heard of before m Scotland, 

BANNOCK BURN. 

ROBERT BRUCK's ADDRESS TO HIS ARMY. 

Scots, wha hae wi' Wallace bled, 
Scots, wham Bruce has aften led: 
Welcome to your gory bed, 
Or to glorious victorie. 

Now's the day, and now's the hour: 
See the front of battle lower; 
See approach proud Edward's power— 
Edwari! chains! and slaverie ! 

Wha will be a traitor knave ? 
Wha can fill a coward's grave 1 
Wha sae base as be a slave ? 

Traitor! coward ! turn and flee \ 

Wha for Scotland's king and law 
freedom's sword will strongly draw 
ureeman stand, or freeman fa' ? ? 
Caledonian ! on wi' me ! 

By oppression's woes and pains ! 
By your sons in servile chains J 
We will drain our dearest veins 

But they shall be— shall be 'free 



low! 



Lay the proud usurpers 
Tyrants fall in every foe ! 
Liberty's in every blow ! 

Forward ! let us do, or die ! 

h\^liTV\ St ^' drt 8uceeed ^ in Wi the unfortunate 
MWO , C V S lnVGSted with more than ordinary in erest 

S Krfe»e S s TT T dGP ° Sed hl 1567 ' a " d was'succteded 
the oW J m£; I h then a mlnur ' The Iatter succeeded, on 
whicA 16 f' t0 the "own of England by 

Z„ n ° WD8 WerG limted in 01ie sovereignty. The foUow 

ing taHe contains the names of the Scottish Kin J from the 

the Zkin d MalC ° rn m H "tf JameS VL ' when "he unTon of 
tne two kingdoms was effected : 



Donald VII., 1093. 
Donald II , (usurper) 1094. 
Donald VII , (restored) 109; 
£<igar 1098. 



Alexander I., 1107. 
Davii L, 1124. 
Malcolm IV., 1153. 
William 1165. 



55 

Alexander II., 1214. James I., 1423. 

Alexander III.. 1249. James II., 1437. 

John Baliol, 1292. James III., 1460. 

Robert Bruce. 1306. James IV., 1489. 

Darid II , 1330. James V., 1514. 

Edward Baliol (usurper) 1332. Mary 1543. 

Robert Stuart II., 1370. James VI., of Scotland and I., of 

Robert III., 1390. England, 1567. 

Scotland has bad many battles of note, but we have not 
time or room to mention them. We would say, however, that 
all Scotchmen have our heartfelt good will, who have the spirit 
of a Bruce or a Wallace. Perhaps, in the history of patriot- 
ism and bravery, no two men ever equalled, or at lease surpass- 
ed, Bruce and Wallace, notwithstanding the crown of the two 
kingdoms were centered ; n and worn by one of Scotland's sons, 
after the reign of the much belied Mary. Still the blood of the 
Stewarts did not continue long. At one period, we find, after 
the year 1603, when James I. reigned, it only continued one 
succession in the person of Charles I., to 1625. Then commenced 
the protectorship of Cromwell, the natural king at that time, 
who displaced an artificial one. Then the house of Stewart is 
continued in the person of Charles II., 1660, and James II., 
1685. Then comes the house of Orange, in the person of 
Mary II., and William III., in 1688. Then the house of 
Stewart commenced again in 170*2, in the person of Queen 
Anne. 

We will now take up the history of England and treat it in 
a condensed manner from the time of the first settlement of the 
country, till the present time. We will also make some com- 
ments upon some of her monarch g. 

These islands are supposed to have been colonized by Celtic 
tribes from the adjacent continent, B. C. 1000. The Groths, 
Under the name of Belgae, passed into England, subdued the 
Celts, or drove them into fastnesses and established several 
petty kingdoms, in which state the county was found by Ju- 
lius Caesar, B. C. 55 Agricola. the general of Domitian, 
subjugated the demi-savage inhabitants in Britain, but did not 
penetrate into Ireland. The Romans held possession of Eng- 
land for 475 years, and on the decay of their imperial power, 
they withdrew to the continent, leaving the Britons to be har- 
assed by incursions from the Picks and Scots, [or Irish,) who 
soon passed the wall built by Severns for the protection of the 
British from the Tyne to Solway Frith. The Britains then 
sought the aid of the Saxons, who occupied the country. They 
made the Britons their serfs, and drove many into Wales, Corn- 
wall and Ireland, The Saxons were subdued by the Normans 



5G 



in 106(3, since which period, excepting the interregenium of the 
government of Cromwell, there has been a successive heridi- 
tory sovereignty. In 1282, the principality of Wales was 
added to the crown of England ; in 1707, the kingdom and 
legislature of Seotland vas united with England under the 
title of Great Britain ; and in 1800 the separate legislature of 
Ireland was incorporated with that of Great Britain, under the 
title of the United Kingdom. 

The southern part of Britain, with the exception of Wales, 
was, in 515, divided into seven kingdoms, called the Heptar- 
chy, and governed by Saxon princes ; in 825, Egbert united 
these kingdoms in one, under the name of England. Harold, 
the last Saxon king, was slain at the battle of Hastings in 
1066, and his conqueror, William of Normandy, succeeded to 
his throne. Since then the following monarchs have reigned in 
England : — 

NORMAN LINE ACCESSION. 





Accession 




Accession 


William I , 


1066 


Henry VIII., 


- 1509 


" n., - - 


- 1087 


Edward VI, - 


1547 


Henry I., - 


1100 


Mary, - - 


- 1553 


House of Blots. 




Elizabeth, 


1558 


Stephen, ... 


- 1135 


Hous^of Stewart. 




House of Plantagenet. 




James I , - 


- 1603 


Henry II., 


1151 


Charles I., 


1625 


Richard I. - 


- 1189 


The Commonwealth. 




John, - 


1199 


Cromwell, (Protector,) 


- 1648 


Henry III., - 


- 1216 


House of Stewarts* 




Edward I., 
Edward II., 

" III., - - - 


1272 

- 1307 

1327 


Charles II., - 
James 11., - 


1660 
- 1685 


Richard II., 


- 1377 


House of Orange. 




House of Lancaster. 




William III., and Mary II. 


, 1688 


Henry IV., 


1399 


House. of Stuart. 




• " v., . - - 


- 1413 


Anne, - 


- 1702 


" VI, - - 


1422 


House of Brunswick. 




II saw of York. 




George I., 


1714 


Edward IV., 


- 1461 


« 11., - - - 


- 1727 


" V.,' - - - 


1483 


" III., - 


1760 


Richard III., - 


- 1483 


IV., - - 


- 1820 


Houm of Tudor. 




William 4th., - 
Victoria, - 


1830 
- 1837 


Htnry VII., • 


1485 







We will comment upon several of the monarchs of England, in 
the reign of King John in 1199, or 310 years before the ac- 
cession to tot throne by Henry VIII. We find the celebrated 
Magna Charta, or the trial by jury established. Consequently 



Oi 



it was established in Catholic times and by Catholics.* The 
next character of note, who is made conspicuous by that great 
genius, Shakespeare, is Richard III., who was a monster in 
human form. Then comes Henry VIII., who was a man that 
possessed a strong and vigorous mind, but rough in its nature. 
His defence of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, 
'we have read with much interest. His reasoning against Lu- 
ther was quite conclusive and very argumentative, but he did 
not practice very long what he defended. We find before he 
fell from the grace of God by his lusts that the head of the 
Church Militant gave him the appellation of the Defender of 
the Faith. The sacrament he violated afterwards, is the most 
important one, in some respects, of all. We find that marriage 
as instituted by Almighty God in the creation of man and 
woman— as Adam and Eve — is of such paramount importance 
to the welfare of mankind, that its violation, after the fall, had 
much to do in causing the almost universal destruction of the 
human family when the flood took place. Then subsequently, 
until the coming of our blessed Saviour, we find its violation 
caused, to a great extent, the downfall of those powerful em- 
pires which had an existence before the birth of Christ, and as 
we come down later, we find those nations which have violated 
this sacrament, make less progress in true civilization than 
those who comply with the teachings of our Lord upon this sub- 
ject, and which have constantly been reiterated by his church. Is 
it not painful to see a church established bylaw,the founder and 
bead of which was a man who had six wives and who murdered 
four? This church to-day, has many members who no doubt 
are exemplary men and women. But as for them to try to prove 
their church's succession from the Apostles, is perfectly prepos- 
terous. If anything is proof of the fact that the church whose 
head, (at Home wc mean) — visible head, — because no enlight- 
ened Catholic contends for the idea that the See of Rome is 
any more than the head of the visible or Church Militant, — 
we say, that the strongest proof that ne represented the head 
of the Church of Christ upon earth, is the fact, that as he said 
"If it is the will of God, we will lose England rather than 
save it by the violation of the express command of our Saviour, 
who says expressly that no divorce shall be granted, save for 
the crime of adultery." t 

* The old law of self defence is best, unless we can have the twelve jurors, men of 
good miDdF, honest hearts and without any prejudice. Look at the mock trials many 
of the Irish Patriots have had. See the packed jury in the recent trial of Daniel fculh- 

tETen then the Catholic Church only allows separation from hed and hoard during 
the life of one ol the partie-;. She couteuds that marriage is indissoluble, consequently 
neither can marry while the other lives. 

O 

— — — — — ' ' : ■ — -,_r^--.- , "r* 



58 



Now, wo ask all candid and enlightened minds, of whatever 
religious faith, who did right, the Pope or Henry the Fighth, 
in the divorce of his first wife, Catharine? He had nought to 
say against her. She had become imbued with the teachings 
of the church, that chastity was a holy virtue, and as a lady of 
rank, fortune, and intellectual accomplishments, she, as a Catholic, 
had always the model of Christianity before her, which was 
the Blessed Virgin. This sacrament is one upon which rests 
the whole fabric of human society, the church, the state and 
the family, and it is a fact worth considering, that in all countries, 
Protestant in their character, that as you diverge from the 
Catholic Church, does this holy sacrament ' become subservient 
to the civil law. Hence, as you lower the standard of this 
sacrament will the marriage tie become destroyed by the state 
having jurisdiction over it. Tn such countries, divorces are 
granted for the most trifling pretext. Look, for instance, at 
the laws of Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, England and 
America, and especially the state of Indiana. Look at the 
religious sects that have sprung up in our own day — such as 
Free-loveism, and Mormonism* — striking directly at the moral 
wellfare of society. It was this' sapping and undermining 
the principles of social harmony and well-being of mankind, in 
different ages, that caused the state or civil power of Catholic 
countries to suppress such heresies. 

The next monarch we will allude to is James I. Under his 
supervision, we find the Bible translated What has been the 
result? We answer that the Scripture, received as canonical 
about the year 320, in the days of Constantine the Great, or 
1287 years before James — we find it adhered to dovn to the 
time of James. What was that Bible? We answer, the same 
as the Douay version, with two whole books more than in the 
James version. Besides, those interpolations are not in it 
which were inserted in order to pander to the prejudices of the 
sect who placed them there. 

The last one we will mention is the Protectorate, Oliver 
Cromwell, the natural king, who supplanted Charles I. He has 
been much belied by English historians, who were hired for that 
purpose. He has been vindicated by the most forcible, vigorous, 
original and voluminous writer of the age, who has just com- 
pleted the life of Frederick the Great, of Prussia. We allude 
to Thomas Carlyle. Oliver Cromwell had faults which we do 

*In all our ebservations, of the Europeans who have embraced Mormonism, which is 
worse, in some respects, than the Polygamy of the Turks, we have found, that with hut 
few exceptions, they are all of the Teutonic type, or if Celtic, they are from Prot&stant 
countries. Of fourteen millions Irish throughout the world, but eleven persons ever 
became Mormons, and probably they were Protestants. 



59 



not countenance. He evidently was very bigoted, still he 
displayed great powers of mind and energy of purpose. 

All persons must admit that England is a great nation. She 
has more people under her sway, than any other kingdom that 
ever had an existence. Rome, in the zenith of her glory, had 
but one hundred millions under her control, while England has 
nearly three hundred million, and her territorial grasp is in 
all quarters of the globe, as well in numerous Islands in the 
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. There has been a perfect adap- 
tation of means to this end. In the first place, we find the 
island healthy for the body and mind; then we find the race 
who occupy it, with the largest and broadest heads of any 
other people in the world. This accounts for their meat eating 
tendencies, and their cruelty when fully aroused. The island 
is isolated, preventing invasions except through the medium of 
ships. England's maritime greatness is the result of two 
causes: One is the fact that she was liable to invasion, and 
hence she has developed her navy, to thus protect herself, and 
as the country is small, she has been under the necessity of 
developing her manufacturing interests, and that has tended to 
develope her maritime greatness. There is one nation, which 
is her near neighbor, who is fast approximating to England in 
her navy, and that nation, if she over invades England, will 
not labor under the disadvantages that she did fifty years ago, 
when the great Napoleon attempted it. Kngland has been 
guilty of more chicanery, in which she has involved more nations 
in war, than any other one on record, and we believe she has 
seen her zenith. Her star of greatness is fast setting. — 
Whether she will be judged by God Almighty, by any special 
judgment or not, we are not prepared to say. Still, in the 
European and Asiatic war that is brewing, which will be the 
most disastrous that ever occured, she will be more severely 
tested than she ever was before. Her wisest statesmen are 
doing all they can to avert it, but it will be of no avail. We 
will not say any more in this pamphlet upon that subject, but 
Ave will write a few war articles, shortly, for the Press. We 
will then explain ourself more fully. 

Since the time of (xeorge L, in 1714, we find the Saxon 
blood, through the line of the German race, has had a decided 
preponderance. For that reason, England generally sympa- 
thizes with the German nations, and she has always, with her 
gold, bought the services of the Germans, in a military point 
of view. She hired the Hessians, during the Revolutionary 
War, to fight against us, but the German states, perceiving the 
great and trauscendant growth of the Russian Empire, passed 



60 



laws against allowing any power of Europe to get their recruits 
from them. Therefore. England, in the great approaching 
European and Asiatic war, must not depend upon foreign 
recruits. She must face the struggle herself. 

Ireland, during the last century, has had many names of 
renown in the different departments of learning, especially as 
poets, statesmen, patriots, and orators. We will only mention 
a few, then make a few more remarks and conclude. She has 
her Burkes, Sheridans, Grattans, Currans, Goldsmiths, Moores, 
Phillips, Emmets, O'Connells, Shields, Mitchells and O'Briens. 
We do not consider all hope for Ireland's prosperity was com- 
paratively lost, until the beginning of the present century, when 
her Parliament was destroyed, her Manufactures prostrated and 
her Commerce ceased to be. Notwithstanding Ireland has had 
centuries of persecution, still, in the firmament of moral and 
intellectual greatness, she has had many stars of the first magni- 
tude. Behold that bright cluster of statesmen and orators she 
had in the seven years trial of Warren Hastings, Governor General 
of India. That trial, the greatest that ever occurred in the 
world, called forth forensic efforts not equalled in the annals of 
history. 

We have read the orations of ancient and modern times. — 
Demosthenes' appeals were so soul stirring as to. awake a 
flame of patriotic emotions in the minds and hearts of the Greeks 
that could only be extinguished by death. Cicero's invectives 
against Cataline, were so scathing as not to be equaled in his 
age, and Daniel Webster's great speech, in reply to Hayne, 
possessed such a high toned irony and sarcasm, as to produce 
the death of his opponent. Yet, when you concentrate all this 
eloquence of Greece, Rome, and America's greatest orators, 
into one effort, it is still inferior to the great four days' speech 
of one of Ireland's sons, Mr, Burke, in the trial of the monster, 
Hastings. We will allude to his opening of that trial, and Mr. 
Sheridan's closing. 

Imagine yourself in a magnificently decorated Hall, arranged 
with all that genius could create, wealth command, or taste sug- 
gest — one in which the coronation of many kings had taken 
place. As spectators, we behold all the royalty of England, 
the rank of many countries, the lords of Great Britain, and 
the beauty, talent and genius of the metropolis of the world. 
At one end of the hall is to be seen elevated seats, in which 
are sitting the Supreme Judges of the English realm. The 
tribunal is the highest in the land; this court is surrounded 
with all the paraphernalia of such a tribunal ; the judges, with 
grave countenances, powdered wigs, and long flowing robes; 



61 

the prisoner is one who was the Governor General of an empire 
of a hundred million of people ; the barristers, the greatest 
statesmen and orators in the world. All is ready, and the 
trial commences. The culprit is sitting perfectly motionless, 
not moving a muscle or limb. All eyes are upon him. At last 
the greatest of that bright constellation of orators, rises slov/ly 
from his seat. All eyes turn from Hastings to look at the great 
Burke. His eloquence we will compare to the waters of the 
four great inland seas of America, converging and centering 
into a small river, before it passes over the greatest cataract 
on the globe. As it enters the river, its current is somewhat 
slow, but as it passes alonr, and nears the Niagara, the more 
impetuous it becomes, and as it approaches th^ Falls, its 
impetuosity is such that everything that gets within the vortex 
is irresistibly carried over the great cataract. So with the 
eloquence of the great Burke. He commenced softly and 
slowly, in describing the country of India, a country in which 
the culprit had committed barbarities, the recital of which 
would make a heart of stone melt. The orator described the 
country in such a beautiful and graphic manner, that, for the 
time being, all imagined themselves in Bombay, Calcutta, or 
some other part of India Hastings does not move. The 
orator becomes more warm and vehement, when he depicts the 
cruelties that the culprit committed, and he does it with such 
sympathetic language, that all faces become suffused with tears, 
and every heart beats with pity and compassion, save one, and 
that is the criminal's; still he moves not. Then the orator 
changes the theme. He points his hand toward Hastings, and 
becomes very vehement when he describes his barbarities in 
India, and he does this with such a glow of eloquence, and 
such power of sarcasm, that all tears disappear, and all hearts 
become hard and all eyes are cast upon Hastings, and each 
face indicates revenge. Hastings begins to writhe, and the 
blood rushes to his cheek. The orator continues to become 
more and more eloquent, and peals and flashes of matchless 
eloquence succeed each other ; Hastings begins to tremble — 
then his oratory becomes so overpowering, and his invectives 
become so scathing that Hastings can endure its lash and sting 
no longer; he writhes, trembles, and finally sinks under it. — 
Still the orator continues — then an outburst of overwhelming 
eloquence is heard — the ladies faint and fall prostrate — the 
judges become confounded and awe-stricken— the spectators 
are completely overcome with dumbness, and are so much over- 
powered with his sublime eloquence, that when the great ora- 
tor concluded his speech, universal and profound silence 
reigned for a long time in the House of Lords. 



62 



Sheridan closed the trial with his speech, and it was no 
shorter in its delivery, and but little inferior in pathos, 
power, and vividness with which he depicted the crimes of 
Hastings; out, notwithstanding his guilt, he was acquitted. 

Subsequently a short time, we find a young man of fine mind, 
warm heart, and patriotic intentions, engage in the noble work 
of the liberation of his country from -British tyranny. He 
was unsuccessful, and what was the result? We answer, he was 
was put to an ignominious death ! But one day before this occur - 
ed,we find him deliver a speech before his accusers, which was so 
replete with all that was noble, good, and true, and it was 
delivered with such lloman-like fortitude, and so full of feeling 
and pathos, that if any other nation or tribunal had been his 
accusers, except the English, he would have been pronounced 
acquitted. He wis found guilty of treason, and put to death. 
Emmet's death will ever be a black spot upon the escutcheon of 
English history, that will increase, enlarge, and expand, until 
universal humanity will behold nothing but total darkness, the 
symbol of evil, encompassing that nation. As an American, 
we cannot forgive England, because, in Emmet's fate, we 
behold what would have occurred, if unsuccessful, to Wash- 
ington Jeifcrsjn, Warren, Mo 'tgoinery, Carroll of Carroll- 
ton, Lafayette, Kosciusko and others, whose virtues we should 
all imprint upon our minds and engrave in our hearts, never to 
become erased, and we should write their names and achieve- 
ments in letters of gold, and enshrine them in indestructible 
history, never to become obliterated while time lasts. 

ROBERT EMMET'S SPEECH. 

After the Attorney General concluded his speech, the Clerk of the 
Crown, in the usual form, addressed the prisoner, concluding in these 
words, — '" What have you, therefore, now to say, why judgment of 
death and execution should not be awarded against vou, according to 
law?" 

Mr. Emmet, standing forward in the dock, in front of the bench, said : 
"My Lords, as to why judgment of death and execution should not 
be paseed upon me, according to law, I have nothing to say ; but as to 
why my character should not be relieved from the imputations and 
calumnies thrown out against it. 1 have much to say. 1 do not imagine 
that your lordships will give credit to what I am going to utter ; I have 
no hopes that I can anchor my character in the breasts of the court; I 
only wish your lordships may suffer it to float down your memories until 
it has found some more hospitable harbor to shelter it from the storms 
with which it is at present buffeted. Was I to suffer only death, after 
being adjudged guilty, I should bow in silence to the fate which awaits 
me ; but -the sentence of the law which delivers over my body to the 
executioner, consigns my character to obloquy. A man in my situation 
has not only to encounter the diilicultics of fortune, but also the 



68 



difficulties of prejudice. Whilst the man dies, his memory lives ; and 
that mine may not forfeit all claim to the respect of my countrymen, I 
seize upon this opportunity to vindicate myself from some of the charges 
alleged against me. I am charged with being an emissary of France : 
it is false. I am no emissary. I did not wish to deliver up my country 
to a foreign power, and least of all, to France. Never did I entertain 
the remotest idea of establishing French power in Ireland. From the 
introductory paragraph of the address of the Provisional Government, 
it is evident that every hazard attending an. independent effort, was 
deemed preferable, to the more fatal risk cf introducing a French army 
into this country. Small, indeed, would be our claim to patriotism and 
sense, and palpable our affectation of the love of liberty, if we were to 
sell our country to a people, who are not only slaves themselves, but the 
unprincipled and abandoned instruments of imposing .slavery on others. 
And. my lords, let me here observe, that I am not the head and life's 
blood of this rebellion. When I came to Ireland, I found the business 
ripe for execution. 1 was asked to join it. I took time to consider; and 
after mature deliberation, I became one of the Provisional Government, 
and there then was, my lords, an agent from the United Irishmen and 
Provisional Government of Ireland, at Paris, negotiating with the 
French Government, to obtain from them an aid sufficient to accomplish 
the separation of Ireland from Great Britain, the preliminary to which 
assistance, has been a guarantee to Ireland similar to that which 
Franklin obtained for America ; but the intimation that I, or the rest 
of the Provisional Government, meditated to put our country under the 
dominion of a power which has been the enemy of freedom in every 
part of the globe, is utterly false and unfounded. Did we entertain 
any such ideas, how could we speak of giving freedom to our country- 
men? how could we assume any such exalted motive? If such an 
inference is drawn from any part of the proclamation of the Provisional 
Government, it calumniates their views, and is not warranted by the 
facts. 

" Connection with France was, indeed, intended, but only as far as 
mutual interest would sanction or require. Were they to assume any 
authority inconsistent with the purest independence, it would be the 
signal for their destruction. We sought aid, and we sought it — as we 
had assurance we should obtain it — as auxiliaries in war, and allies in 
peace. 

" Were the French to come as invaders or enemies, uninvited by the 
wishes of the people, I should oppose them to the utmost of my strength. 
Yes ! my countrymen, I should advise you to meet them on the beach, 
with a sword in one hand and a torch in the other. I would meet them 
with all the destructive fury of war I would animate my countrymen 
to immolate them in their boats, before they had contaminated the soil 
of my country. If they succeeded in landing, and, if forced to retire 
before superior discipline, I would dispute every inch of ground, burn 
every blade of grass, and the last intrenchment of liberty should be 
my grave. What I could not do myself, if I should fall, I should leave 
as a last charge to my countrymen to accomplish ; because I should feel 
conscious that life, any more than death, is unprofitable, when a foreign 
nation holds my country in subjection. 

u Reviewing the conduct of France to other countries, could we 
expect better towards us ? No ; let not then any man attaint my mem- 
ory by believing that I could have hoped to give freedom to my country, 
by betraying the sacred cause of liberty, and committing it to the 
power of her most determined foe. Had I done so, I had not deserved 



64 



to live ; and, dying with such a weight upon my character. I had merited 
the honest execration of that country which gave me birth, and to 
which I would give freedom. What has been the conduct of the French 
towards other countries? They promisod them liberty, and when they 
got them into their power they enslaved them. What has been their 
conduct towards Switzerland, where it has been stated that I have 
been? Had the people there been desirous of French assistance, I 
would have stood between them and the French, whose aid they called 
in, and, to the utmost of my ability, I would have protected them from 
every attempt at subjugation ; I would, in such case, fight against the 
French, and, in the dignity of freedom, I would have expired upon the 
threshold of that country, and they should have entered it only by 
passing over my lifeless corpse. Is it then to be supposed that I would 
be slow in making the same sacrifice for my native land ; and I, who 
lived but to be of service to my country, and who would subject myself 
to the bondage of the grave to give her freedom and independence, am 
to be loaded with the foul and grievous calumny of being an emissary 
of French tyranny and French despotism? My Lords, it may be part 
of the system of angry justice, to bow a man's mind by humiliation, to 
meet the ignominy of the scaffold, but worse to me than the scaffold's 
shame, or the scaffold's terrors, would be the imputation of having been 
the agent of the despotism and ambition of France ; and whilst I have 
breath, I will call upon my countrymen not to believe me guilty of so 
foul a crime against their liberties, and against their happiness. I 
would do with the people of Ireland as I would have done with the 
people of Switzerland, could I be callad upon at any future period of 
time so to do. My object, and that of the rest of the Provisional 
Government, was, to effect a total separation between Great Britain 
and Ireland; to make Ireland totally independent of Great Britain, but 
not to let her become a dependant of France. 

11 When my spirit shall have joined those bands of martyred heroes, 
who have shed their blood on the scaffold, and in the field, in defence of 
their country, this is my hope, that my memory and name may serve to 
animate those who survive me. 

" While the destruction of that government which upholds its 
dominion by impiety against the Most High, which displays its power 
over man as over the beasts of the field, which sets man upon his 
brother, and lifts his hands, in religion's name, against the throat of 
his fellow, who, believes a little or less than the govern 1 ! ent standard 
which reigns amidst the cries of the orphans and of the widows it has 
made," — (Here Mr. Emmet was interrupted by Lord Norbury.) 

After a few words on the subject of his objects, purposes, and the 
final prospect of success, he was again interrupted, when he said — 

"What I have spoken was not intended for your lordships, whose 
situation 1 commiserate rather than envy ; my expressions were for my 
countrymen. If there be a true Irishman present, let my last words 
cheer him in the hour of afnetion. 

Lord Norbury interrupted the prisoner. 

" I have always understood it to be the duty of a judge, when a pris- 
oner has been convicted, to pronounce the sentence of the law. I have 
also understood that judges sometimes think it their duty to hear with 
patience, and to speak with humanity ; to exhort the victim of the laws, 
and to offer, with tender benignity, his opinions of the motives by which 
he was actuated, in the crime of which he was adjudged guilty. That 
a judge has thought it his duty so to have done, I have no doubt ; but 
where is the boasted freedom of your institutions — where is the vaunted 



bo 



impartiality, clemency, and mildness of your courts of justice, if an 
unfortunate prisoner, whom your policy, and ?iot justice, is about to 
deliver into the hands of the executioner, is not suffered to explain his 
motives, sincerely and truly, rind to vindicate the principles by which 
he was actuated / 

' : My Lords, it may be a part of the system of angry justice, to bow 
a man's mind by humiliation, to the purposed ignominy of the scaffold; 
but worse to me than the purposed shame, or the scaffold's terrors, 
would be the tame endurance of such foul and unfounded imputations 
as have been laid against me in this court. You, my Lord' are a judge. 
I am the supposed culprit. I am a man — you are a man also. By a 
revolution of power^ we might change places, though we never eould 
change characters. If I stand at the bar of this court, and dare not 
vindicate my character, what a farce is your justice! If I stand at this 
bar, and dare not vindicate my character, how dare you calumniate it? 
l)oes the sentence of death, which your unhallowed policy inflicts on my 
body, condemn my tongue to silence, and my reputation to reproach ? 
Your executioner may abridge the period of my existence, but, whilst I 
exist, I shall not forbear to vindicate my character and motives from 
your aspersions ; and, as a man to whom fame is dearer than life, I will 
make the last use of that life in doing justice to that reputation which 
is to live after me, and which is the only legacy I can leave to those I 
honor and love, and for whom I am proud to perish. As men, my Lords, 
we must appear on the great day at one common tribunal : and it will 
then remain for the Searcher of all hearts to show a collective universe, 
who was engaged in the most virtuous actions, or actuated by the purest 
motives — my country's oppressors, or " 

(Here he was interrupted, and told to listen to the sentence of the 
law.) 

" My Lords, will a dying man be denied the privilege of exculpating 
himself, in the eyes of the community, from a reproach thrown upon 
him during his trial, by charging him with ambition, and attempting to 
cast away, for a paltry consideration, the liberties of his country. Why 
then insult me, or rather, why insult justice, in demanding of me why 
sentence of death should not be pronounced against me ? I know, my 
Lords, that the form prescribes that you should put the question; the 
form also confers a right of answering. This, no doubt, may be 
dispensed with, and so might the whole ceremony of the trial, since 
sentence was already pronounced at the Castle before your jury were 
impannelled. Your Lordships are but the priests of the oracle, and I 
submit, but I insist on the whole of the forms." 

(Here Mr. Emmet paused, and the court desired him to proceed.) 

" I have been charged with that importance in the efforts to emanci- 
pate my country, as to be considered the key-stone of the combination 
of Irishmen, or, as it has been expressed, ' the life and blood of this 
conspiracy.' You do me honor overmuch ; you have given to the 
subaltern all the credit of the superior. There are men concerned in 
this conspiracy, who are not only superior to me, but even to your own 
conceptions to yourself, my Lord ; men, before the splendor of whose 
genius and virtues I should bow with respectful deference, and who 
would not deign to call you friend — who would not disgrace themselves 
by shaking your blood-stained hand." 

(Here he was interrupted by Lord Norbury.) 

'• What, my Lord, shall you tell me on my passage to the scaffold — 
which that tyranny of T?hich you are only the intermediate minister, 
has erected for my death — that I am accountable for all the blood that 

9 



06 



has and will be ?hed in this ' struggle of the oppressed against the 
oppressor? Shall you tell me this — and must I be so very a clave as 
not to repel it ? 

" I do not fear to approach the Omnipotent Judge, to answer for the 
conduct of my short life ; and am 1 to stand appalled here before a 
mere remnant of mortality ? Let no man dare, when I am dead, to 
charge me with dishonor — let no man attaint my ireniory, by believing 
that I could have engaged in any cause, but of my country's liberty 
and independence. The proclamation of the Provisional Government 
speaks my views — 110 inference can be tortured from it to countenance 
barbarity or debasement. 1 woul i not have submitted to a foreign 
oppression, for the same reason that I would have resisted tyranny at 
home." 

Lord Norbury — c: Mr. Emmet, you have been called upon to show 
cause, if any you have, why the judgment of the law should not be 
enforced against you. Instead of showing anything in point of law, 
why judgment should not pass, you ha\e proceeded in a manner the 
most unbecoming a person in you; situation ; you have avowed, and 
endeavored to vindicate principles totally subversive of the government, 
totally subversive of the tranquility, well-being, and happiness of that 
country which gave you birth ; and you have broached treason the most 
abominable. 

'' You, sir, had the honor to be a gentleman by birth, and your father 
filled a respectable situation under the government. You had an 
eldest brother, whom death snatched aw,ay, and who, when living, was 
one of the greatest ornaments of the bar. The laws of his country 
were the study of his youth ; and the study of his maturer life Avas to 
cultivate and support them. He left you a proud example to follow, 
and if he had lived, he would have given your talents the s-ame virtuous 
direction as his own, and have taught you to admire and preserve that 
cons titution, for destruction of which you have conspired with the most 
profligate and abandoned, and associated yourself with hostlers, bakers, 
butchers and such persons, whom you invited to council, when you 
erected your Provisional Government " 

"If the spirits," said Emmet, "of the illustrious dead participate 
in the concerns of those who were dear to them in this transitory 
scene, dear shade cf my venerated father, look down on your suffering 
son, and see has he for one moment deviated from those moral and 
patriotic principles which you so early instilled into his youthful mind, 
and for which he has now to offer up his life. 

" My Lord, you are impatient for the sacrifice. The blood which you 
seek is not congealed by the artificial terrors which surround your vic- 
tim — it circulates warmly and unruffled through its channels, and in a 
little time it wi 1 cry to heaven — be yet patient. I have but a few more 
words to say — I am going to my cold and silent grave — my lamp of life 
is nearly extinguished— I have parted with everything that was dear 
to me in this life, and for my country's cause, Avith the idol of my soul, 
the object of my affections. My race is run — the grave opens to receive 
me, and I sink into its bosom. I have but one request to ask at my 
departure from this world : it is the charity of its silence. Let no man 
write my eitaph ; for as no man who knows my motives dare now 
vindicate them, let not prejudieo or ignorance asperse them. Let 
them rest in obscurity and peace, my memory be left in oblivion, and 
my tomb remain uninscribed, until other times and other men can do 
justice to my character. When my country takes her place among the 



67 

nations of the earth, then, and not till then, let my epitaph be written. 
I have done." 



We appeal to the Irishmen of America, especially the 
Military : 

Not to be soldiers for mere name or show, 

But to be ready, across the mighty ocean to go. 

And when you sail over the Atlantic main, 

Let each one arrive in Ireland, France, or Spain, 

And in the approaching din of battle and strife, 

Let all be ready, to sacrifice their lives, 

For the noble purpose of having Emmet's epitaph written, 

With the words, " humbled low has become Great Britain !" 

Let him who inscribes upon that neglected tomb, 

Engrave upon its suiface, Ireland's oppressor's final doom ; 

And may that silent and obscure grave soon see, 

England invaded, subdued, destroyed, and Ireland free! 



LINES BY ROBERT EMMET. 

Genius of Erin, tune thy harp 
To freedom, let its sound awake 

Thy prostrate sons, and nerve their hearts, 
Oppression's iron bonds to break. 

Long and strong then strike the lyre, 

Strike it with prophetic lays, 
Bid it rouse the slumbering fire, 

Bid the fire of freedom blaze. 



Tell them glory waits their efforts, 
Strongly wooed, she will be won, 

Freedom, show, by peace attended, 
Waits to crown each gallant son. 

Greatly daring bid them gain her, 
Conquerors, bid them live or die 5 

Erin in her children triumphs, 
Marked by glory if they die. 

But, if her sons, too long opprest, 
No spark of freedom's fire retain, 

And with sad and servile breast, 
Basely wear the galling chain 3 

Vainly then you'd call to glory, 
Vainly freedom's blessing praise, 

Men debased to willing thaldom, 
Freedom's blessing cannot raise. 

Check thy hand and change thy strain; 
Change to a sound of woe, 



68 

Ireland's blasted hopes proclaim 
Ireland's endless sufferings show. 

Show her fields with blood ensanguined, 
With her children's blood bedewed, 

Show her desolate plains, 

With their murdered bodies strewed. 

Mark that hamlet, how it blazes, 
Hear the shrieks of horror rise, 

See, the fiends prepare their tortures 
See ! a tortured victim dies. 

Ruin stalks his haggard round, 
O'er the plains his banner waves, 

Sweeping, from her wasted land, 
All but tyrants and their slaves. 

All but tyrants and their slaves; 

Shall they live in Erin's isle ? 
O'er her martyred patriots' graves, 

Shall oppression's minions smile. 

Erin's sons, awake !— awake ! 

Oh ! too long, too long ! you sleep : 
Awake ! arise ! your fetters break, 

Nor let your country bleed and weep. 

Ah ! where is now my peaceful cot 1 
Ah ! where my happy home 1 

No peaceful cot, alas ! is mine, 
An exile now I roam. 

Far from my country I am driven, 

A wanderer sent from thee, 
But, still, my constant prayer to heaven, 

Shall be to make thee free. 



EMMET'S DEATH. 

"He dies to-day," said the heartless judge, 

Whilst he sate him down to the feast, 
And a smile was upon his ashy lip 

As he uttered a ribald jest ; 
For a demon dwelt where his heart should be, 

That lived upon blood and sin, 
And oft as that vile judge gave him food 

The demon throbbed within. 

" He dies to-day," said the jailor grim, 

Whilst a tear was in his eye ; 
But why should I feel so grieved for him ? 

Sure I've seen many die ! 



69 



Last night I went to his stony cell, 

With the scanty prison fare — 
He'was sitting at a table rude, 

Plaiting a lock of hair ! 
And he looked so mild, with his pale, pale faca, 

And he spoke in so kind a way, 
That my old breast heav ; d with a smothering feel, 

And I knew not what to say !" 

" He dies to-day," thought a fair sweet girl — 

She lacked the life to speak, 
For sorrow had almost frozen her blood, 

And white were her lip and cheek — 
Despair had drank up her last wild tear. 

And her brow was damp and chill. 
And they often felt at her heart with fear, 

For its ebb was all but still. 



F. C. 



Forty-five years after the death of Eniraet, another rebellion 
took place, and such men as Mitchell, Meagher, O'Brien and 
others were engaged in it, and were unsuccessful. But what was 
their fate — we answer banishment. Why not put them to death? 
they were guilty of the same crimes as Emmet. We answer, 
the spirit of the liberty of our forefathers had become infused 
into the minds of universal civilized humanity, and in defiance 
of the public sentiment it created, England dare not put these 
men to death. That is some encouragement. And then look . 
at one of those men who was banished. He received a pardon 
according to his own dictation. Then look at his reception in 
this country. No other man from abroad ever received such a 
reception as this Irish Patriot did, except one. That was an old 
man who came here after the lapse of forty years from the time 
he first came to this country to assist us in the achievement of 
the God, designed principles of Liberty. He left his native 
country when a youth of eighteen years of age. He there pos- 
sessed wealth, rank, and great honors and emoluments. Still, 
on the altar of Liberty, he was willing to sacrifice all. He saw 
with his mind's eye, a" band of patriots like Washington, Jeffer- 
son, Warren, Montgomery, Carroll, and numerous others, strug- 
gling against the mightiest power on Earth. It was well that 
Lafayette should receive a reception involving the manifestation 
of all the unbounded gratitude this nation possessed. The 
Patriot had scarcely arrived in New York before we find on the 
shores of the Battery tens of thousands of persons, of all nation- 
alities, of every class and profession. They were there to bid 
the Irish Patriot a cordial welcome to our shore. The merchant 
had left the counting house, the literary man his study, the 







Editor the sanctum, the lawyer the Court, the Judge the Bench, 
the mechanic his workshop, and the hard-working, honest, warm 
hearted laborer, the shovel, the pick and tlie hod. Before he 
arrives at his lodgings, we see thousands at the hotel, and there 
his reception was as enthusiastic as at the landing. He remained 
but a short time in the metropolis of the country, and then 
started for the Capitol of the Republic. In all the places he 
passed through, the same warm and cordial reception took 
place He finally arrived near the Capitol, and thousands of 
the first minds of the nation were there to greet him. The whis- 
tle was heard, and at last the cars arrived. One spontaneous 
outburst of enthusiasm rends the air, and all rush to see and 
speak with him. He is welcomed to the scat of government. — 
He next visits the Court, and the trial ceases The Judge 
leaves his Bench and considers it an honor to hold converse 
with him. He then visits the United States Senate, the session 
ceases to go on. The Vice President leaves his seat, and con- 
verses with him, and bids him welcome. Then many of the 
distinguished Senators approach him, with warm and reciprocal 
feelings. He is then invited by them to partake of the hospi- 
talities of their own homes, and enjoy 4 the social pleasures of 
their firesides. He was next invited by States through some of 
their distinguished sons, to partake of their hospitalities, and 
among the foremost was the Old Dominion, who has had such 
sons as Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Patrick 
Henry, and many others, who were willing to sacrifice their 
lives, fortunes and sacred honor, for the liberation of this coun- 
try from British tyranny and oppression, as Smith O'Brien was 
for his country (Ireland.) 

Let us all worj? for one end — the liberation of Ireland from the 
British yoke — and persevere in accomplishing it with the same 
regularity that the sun rises or sets, that water runs below its 
level, or that gravity is towards the earth's centre, or that the 
seasoii changes, and let the man of any nationality who upholds 
England in her damnable treatment of Ireland, be looked upon 
with the utmost contempt ; but let the Irishman, of whatever 
Province he is from, or whatever faith he espouses, be looked 
upon as worse than Cain the first murderer, and like him spare 
his life in order that he may become a wanderer over the earth, 
and let universal humanity deprive him of all the social pleas- 
ures of life, and let the human heart assert its true dignity 
even in the English breast, and despise him as they did Bene- 
dict Arnold, the traitor to his country. 

Y\ r e will allude to two of Ireland's numerous authors, Gold- 
smith and Moore. The former had a more versatile mind than 



71 



the latter. Groldsmith wrote on a variety of subjepts. His 
Vicar of Wakefield is the greatest ; it will bear reading more 
than once. His play of She Stoops to Conquer is a standard 
Comedy at the present day. His animated nature did not call 
forth his greatest genius. His songs are very fine ; they have 
such an outflow of goodness in them. His greatest fault was 
his improvidence, a defect in the character of most men of 
genius ; but to make up for that, he had a heart that did not 
know what selfishness was. On one occasion Goldsmith was 
accosted in London by a poor widow. It was in the inclement 
season of the year. She stated she had not sufficient bed 
clothes to protect herself and childrenfrom the cold. He, with 
the true characteristic of the Irish heart, went to his lodging, 
which was near heaven, because the garret was the room that 
most struggling genius lived in in that chy, which has attracted 
more men of talent and genius than any other city on the globe, 
and he stripped his bed even to the sheets, and gave them to 
her. When he went to retire for the night, he found his bed 
minus the clo'hing. He was in a quandary what to do. The 
idea struck him that by ripping a hole in the feather bed lie 
could retire within its precincts and enjoy the sleep of Morphe- 
us. He did so, but in the course of the night he got his head 
inside, and in his turnings he got completely lost, and remained 
so till almost suffocated in the morning, wlien his old friend 
Samuel Johnson, the philosopher, essayest, romancer, and lexi- 
cographer, came to his rescue and extricated him from his dis- 
agreeable lodging place. Goldsmith at last was taken sick, and 
he was not visited by the great, rich or affluent. But a greater 
homage was paid him when he died. It was a young lady, who 
sought a lock of his hair, and it was many poor Avomen and 
children whose faces were all suffused with tears when they took 
their last look at their gieatest and best benefactor in the 
metropolis of the world. 

Moore's 'melodies are the finest in existence, ard bis Lallah 
Eookh, we believe has no equal. Shelley's Queen Mab has 
some passages, which, for beauty of language, and splendid 
drapery, is not surpassed; and Lord Byron's Childe Harold, 
has large portions, that, one who had not read Lallah Rookb, 
would ^ suppose could not be equalled. Moore's descriptive im- 
agination, so far as the scenery of the Eastern World and 
Oriental life is concerned, we cannot corceive cou'd be 
surpassed. He, when young, in the year 1806, visited the 
United States, and was introduced to Mr. Jefferson. Being 
of small stature, and not having yet created any. literacy repu- 
tation in this country, Jefferson, when the ordinary remarks 



72 

upon such an introduction were over, ceased the conversation. 
Moore like all geniuses, was very sen e itive ; he felt himself 
hurt, and he did not have much respect for the author of the 
immortal Declaration of Independence. During an interval of 
twenty years before the Sage of Monticello died, in 1826, we 
find him become such an admirer of Moore that r-e read his 
productions in preference to any other poet, and on his death 
bed he had his beloved daughter read Moore's melodies to him 
in preference to any bard or poet of ancient or modern times.* 
Ireland's Statesmen, Orators, and Patriots, we will compare 
with those visible stars in the firmament of heaven ; they ap- 
pear to shine with great brightness on account of their nearness. 
But her Saints, Martyrs, and Ecclesiastics, we will compare 
with those countless millions of worlds afar off in the outer 
boundaries of the universe, called the milky way. Their 
dimness to the naked eye results from their distance, they 
being so far from earth, that light, emitting itself at twelve 
million miles a minute, would be thirty-six thousand years in 
reaching us, and ea^h one of these are found not only to 
posses j- inherent brilliancy and effulgence, but they are grand 
centers around which revolve other worlds. With the Statesmen, 
Orators, and Patriots, we are all familiar, by reading their 
aeheivements. But, with the Saints, Martyrs and Ecclesiastics, 
who lived a more quiet and retired life, they were .not fully 
known, except to Grod; and for their moral heroism, and self- 
denying life, they are each enjoying the beatitudes of Heaven. 
Methinks I behold the Patron Saint of Ireland, nearer the 
throne of God than the other angels, whose crown is studded 
with the diadems of Mercy, Truth, and Holiness, and his con- 
stant prayer is that Ireland will hoH out to the end, and that 
she should have no other crown constantly in view, but such a 
one as he has received as a reward for his labor in her conver- 
sion. If Ireland obtains that crown, she will escape the rock 
of Pride, Injustice and Selfishness, upon which have struck and 
foundered, all the fallen kingdoms, and empires of the past 
ages of the world, and she will become noted as the nation 
governed by Justice, Holiness, and Truth, and be instrumental, 
by precept and example, in causing one faith to spread through- 
out the whole globe, and she will hasten the day when the 
nations of the earth will learn war no more ; and the spear 
shall become a pruning hook, and the sword a plowshare, and 
all will sit under their own vine and fig tree, and none will 
molest or make them afraid ; and the lion and the lamb will lie 
down together, and a little child will lead them. 

— * Moral— We should not, judge too much by the size or external appearance of 
a person in regard to the mind. 



73 

ODE ON CONVERTING A SPEAIl INTO A PRUNING HOOK. 

And they shall beat their swords rata .plough -sk&reS) and their shears into pruning 
-hooks; nation shall not lift u>> sword against nation ; neither shall they learu 
war any more." — Isaiah, chap, n.. VEft. 4. 

Fell weapon. '' hand 

Of warrior tierce, of des 
Hast long career'.d o'er ev'ry land, 

Mast heard th' embattled vino; ; 

Wrench'd from the grasp of lav/less Pri le, 
With reeking gore no longer dy'd 
I bear thee now to rural shades, 
Where nought of Hell-born War invades : 
Where plum'd Ambition feels her little soul : 
And hiding from the face of day 
That dawns from Heav 7 n, and drives away 
Those fiends that love eternal Ni 

She, with rude yell, blasphemes the Sons of Light ; 
That bid her d -athful arm no more the world control. 

* * * * * * 

Thou, Strength of Kings, with aching breast, 

I raise to Thee the mournful str 
Thou shalt no more this earth mole 

Or quench in blood thy thrift again. 
Come from rude War's infernal storm, 
And fill this hand in alter'd i 

Where in the expanding bosom glows 
With warmest ardours, ev'ry wish benign : 

Mine is the day so long foretold 

By Heaven's iilumin'd Bards of old, 

To feel the rage of discord ce,' 

To join with angels in the songs of peace, 
That fill my kindred soul with energies divine. 

Dark Error's code no more enthralls, 
Its vile infatuations end : 

Aloud the trump of Reason calls ! 

i nations hear! the worL s attend ! 

Detesting now the craft of Kin 

Man from his hand the Mings ; 

Hides it in "whelming deeps af ', 

And learns no more the skill of war ; 
But lives with Nature on th' uncity'd plain : 

Long has this earth a captive mourn'd, 

But days of old are now returned ; 

We Pride's rude arm no longer feel ; 

No longer bleed beneath Oppression's heel ; 
For Truth to Love and Peace restores the world again. 

The dawn is up, the lucid morn, 

I carol in its golden skies ; 
The Muse, on eagle pinions borne, 

Through Rapture's realm prophetic flies ; 
The battle's rage is heard no more 



74 



Hush'd is the storm on every shore ; 

See lambs and lions in the mead 

Together play, together feed, 
Crop tbe fresh herbage of perennial spring : 

From eyes that bless the glorious day 

The scalding tears are wiped away ; 

Raise high the song ! 'tis Heav'n inspires ! 

In chorus joining with seraphic lyres. 
We crown the Prince op Peace, he reigns th J Eternal Kino ! 



ERRATA. 



In speaking of the disparity, as regards races, we do not allude to 
individuals. Many causes ma;/ exist which produces the disparity we 
see ; we contend for the general principles discussed, and not isolated, 
as individuals. We also wish the reader to make some allowance for 
any typographical mistakes which may exist in it, and take it for the 
contents which the Pamphlet contains. 



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